use of different types of phrases, which may contribute to a more literary usage of language;
4) in all cases, one should try to identify the more “deviant”, “marked” or literary structures, as compared with more “everyday”, non-literary usage of language, and thus be able to say more the structural patterning in a text.
6. Suggested areas for further study
The following topics are possible areas for further research: (1) other foregrounded stylistic features at the lexical and syntactic levels than those discussed in this chapter, i.e., other possible types of lexical and syntactic deviation and overregularity; (2) the role of lexical- and syntactic-level stylistic devices in literary writing; (3) the translation of source language lexical- and syntactic-level stylistic features into target language.
7. Summary
1) Lexical and syntactic deviation 2) Syntactic overregularity
3) A Model for analyzing grammar-level stylistic features
4) Another approach to stylistic analysis at the lexical and syntactic levels 5) Suggested areas for further study
Exercises:
1. Analyze the lexical- and syntactic-level stylistic features of a piece of literary or non-literary writing.
2. Search for and investigate into other foregrounded stylistic features at the lexical and syntactic levels than those discussed in this chapter.
3. What role do the lexical- and syntactic-level stylistic devices play for literary writing?
4. Discuss how to render into the target language lexical- and syntactic-level stylistic features in translation.
5. Translate the following poem into Chinese paying attention to the use of parallelism and rhyme:
See a world in a grain of sand, And a heaven in a wild flower, Hold infinity on the palm of your hand, And eternity in an hour.
(William Blake, Auguries of Innocence)
References for further reading
Feng Cuihua. A Handbook of English Rhetorical Devices. Beijing: Foreign Language Research
and Teaching Press, 1995.
Ju Yumei. English Stylistics. Qingdao: Qingdao University of Ocean Press, 1999.
Leech, G. N. A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching
and Research Press, 2001.
Leech, G. N. & M. H. Short. Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose.
Beijing: Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
Li, C. N. & S. A. Thompson. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley:
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University of California Press, 1981.
曹逢甫. 主题在汉语中的功能研究——迈向语段分析的第一步. 谢天蔚译. 北京: 语文出版
社, 1995.
王一川. 修辞论美学. 长春: 东北师范大学出版社, 1997.
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