before指过去或将来的某时刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成时连用，可以单独使用。 I saw him ten minutes _______.
He told me that he had seen the film______. 7.now，just与just now的区别
now：与一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时连用，意为“现在” just：与现在完成时连用，表示“刚??” just now：和过去时连用，表示“刚才” Where does he live______？ We have _______ seen the film.
He was here______. 8.lonely / alone 的区别
1).alone 独自一人/没有同伴, 既可作adj 也可作adv.
2).lonely 表示孤独,寂寞, 也可修饰地点,表示荒凉,偏僻的，常与feel 连用。
3).alone 只作表语 (以a开头的形容词一般只作表语,不作定语)而lonely 既可作表语,也可作定语) He lives _____ on a _____ island . He is _____ ,but he doesn’t feel ______. 9.fast /quickly /soon 的区别.
fast 表示速度之快 quickly表示动作之快 soon表示时间之快 I’m leaving home this afternoon . Really ? Why so ______? A.fast B.soon C.quickly D.early Ⅲ、形容词，副词的比较级、最高级 一、规则变化
1.一般在词尾直接加er或est， tall-taller-tallest，long-longer-longest 2.以不发音的字母e结尾的单词在词尾直接加r或st， nice-nicer-nicest
3.以辅音字母+y结尾的词，把y变为i，再加er或est， heavy-heavier-heaviest
4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er或est， big-bigger-biggest 注: 大,红,湿,热,悲,瘦,胖.双写末辅再变级.（big/red/wet/hot/sad/thin/fat ）
5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高级， beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
注:表示否定意义在其前加less /least
important----less important----least important
English is more interesting than Chinese =Chinese is less interesting than English . 6.由 “形容词+ly”构成的副词,在其前加more/ most slowly---more slowly----most slowly；但early—earlier---earliest 二、不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级 good/wellbetter best many/much
more
most
little less least old old / elder
old /eldest
farthest /furthest
bad/badly/ill worse worst
far farther (距离)/further（程度）
下列单、双音节词只能加more和most 原级 比较级 最高级 like(想似的) more like most like real(真的) more real most real
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tired more tired most tired
pleased more pleased most pleased
often more often most often
注: 形容词,副词同形有: back , high , well ,fast, early, late ,straight
Ⅳ形容词，副词等级的用法 一、原级的用法
1.只能修饰原级的词，very，quite，so，too He is too tired to walk on.
My brother runs so fast that I can’t follow him. 2.原级常用的句型结构
（1）A= B-----A+ as +adj / adv的原级+ as +B 表示 “A和B一样”
Tom is as old as Kate. Tom runs as fast as Mike.
（2）A＜B---A +not+as/so+形容词原级+as+B 表示 “A不如B?” This room is not as/so big as that one. He doesn’t walk as slowly as you. 二、比较级的用法 1.可以修饰比较级的词.
much，a lot，far，?的多a little，a bit，?一点儿even甚至，still仍然
Lesson One is much easier than Lesson Two. Tom looks even younger than before. 2.比较级常用的句型结构
“甲+形容词/副词的比较级+than+乙”表示“甲比乙?” Tom is taller than Kate.
I got up earlier than my mother this morning. 三.最高级的用法
1).结构: the +最高级+ of +人或物( in +地点) He is the tallest of all the boys
He works hardest in his class . 注:副词的最高级前the 可省掉
2).the +序数词+形容词的最高级+单数名词 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China . 3).one of +the +形容词的最高级+复数名词
He is one of the cleverest students in our class.
4). “特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？”用于三者以上的比较。 Which season do you like （the） best，spring，summer or autumn？ 四.级别的转换
1).原级与比较级的转换
a). 倍数+ as ?as → (倍数-1)+比较级+than
This room is five times as big as that one =This room is___ ___bigger than that one . b).not as?as 与比较级的转换
A +not as ?as + B → A+比较级(反义词的比较级) +than +B →B+比较级+than+A Mary is not as old as Tom .= Mary is _____ _____ Tom.
= Tom is ____ _____ Mary .
This book is not as expensive as that one = This book is _____ _____ than that one = That book is _____
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______than this one .
2).比较级与最高级的转换
a). the +最高级+ of / in ??
b). 比较级+than+any other +单数名词 +the other +复数名词 +anyone else
+any of the other+复名 c). Nobody else + 比较级 + than ?? Tom is the tallest boy in our class .
Tom is taller than ____ ____ boy in our class. Tom is taller than _____ ____ in our class. _____ _____ is taller than Tom in our class. 五.级别的惯用法
1. “比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越??”。
He is getting taller and taller.
2. “the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越??，越??”。 The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes you’ll make.
3.“甲+be+the+形容词比较级+of the two+??”表示“甲是两者中较??的”。 (of the twins/parents…)
Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.
4.当adj 的最高级前有物主代词,名词所有格,指示代词时,不用the . This is my best book of all.
5.相比较的前后两部分必须是同类比较.
My pencil is longer than ______(you). 6.比较时不能与自身相比
注: 当相比较的两者属于同一范围/类别时,为了与自身相比较, 要用any other +单数名词. 若两者不属于同一范围/类别时,不必用other ,直接用any + 单数名词. He is taller than _____ boy in his class. He is taller than _____boy in our class .
A.any B.any other
7.有些含有比较级的句子里，常用that(单数、不可数名词)、those (复数名词)代替前面提到的词，以避免重复。
The weather in Beijing is colder than ____ in Guangzhou in winter . The boys in our class are more than _____ in your class . 中考考点八：动词时态
一、一般现在时：
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。也可表客观规律以及在时间，条件状语从句中表将来时（主将从现） 2.时间状语：
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构：
①be动词；am/is/are ②行为动词 :动词原形、第三人称单数。 4.否定形式：
①am/is/are+not;② don’t /doesn’t +动词原形+?? 5.一般疑问句：
①把be动词放于句首；② Do/Does +?+动词原形+??
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二、一般过去时： 1.概念：
过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：
ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, this morning 3.基本结构：
①be动词；was/were ? ②行为动词 :动词的过去式 4.否定形式：
①was/were+not;② didn’t +动词原形 5.一般疑问句：
①was或were放于句首；② Did +?+动词原形??? 三、现在进行时： 1.概念：
表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：
now, at this time, these days, look,listen ,can you see? Can’t you see ?之类的暗示语。 3.基本结构： am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式： am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句： Is /Are ?+doing sth ? 四、过去进行时：
1.概念：
表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：
at this/that time yesterday, at that time ,at sixyesterday evening ,from eight o’clock to nine o’clock last night 或以when/while引导的时间状语(过去进行时+when+一般过去时/ 一般过去时+while +过去进行时/过去进行时+while +过去进行时)。 3.基本结构： was/were+doing
4.否定形式： was/were + not + doing.
5.一般疑问句： 把was或were放于句首。 五、现在完成时： 1.概念：
过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：
recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, already ,yet ,never ,ever, just, before, so far ,once, twice etc.
3.基本结构： have/has + done
4.否定形式： have/has + not +done. 5.一般疑问句： 把have或has放于句首。 6.反义疑问句： 直接用has /have 进行反问 7.注意：
1).have been to /have gone to /have been in 的区别
have been to +地点 表示曾经去过某地，现人已返回。(once ,twice ?.) have gone to +地点 表示人已去了某地，人还未返回。(where is sb ?)
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have been in +地点 表示在某地呆多长时间。（for?../ since ?..） 2).与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。
Come/go to ------ be at /in leave ----be away from buy ----have borrow /lend -----keep open ---be open close---be closed die---dead start/begin ----be on join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier become –be make friend ---be friend get up ---be up
fall asleep ---be asleep catch a cold – have a cold reach/get/arrive---stay/be 3).现在完成时的四种句型：
A).主语+短暂性动词的过去式+ 时间+ago
B).主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词+for?./since ?. ago . C).It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 D).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 His grandfather died two years ago .
His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years.
_____two years _____ his grandfather ____.
Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 4).现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与现在有关的时态，他侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响。而一般过去时侧重于表示过去的动作与现在无关，若询问该动作发生的具体的时间时，只能用一般现在时。 Has he returned the library book ? Yes, he has.
When ____ he _____(return) it ?He ____ (return)it yesterday afternoon . 六、过去完成时： 1.概念：
以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 2.时间状语：
1).before+过去时间，by+ 过去时间, by the end of last year(term, month?) 2).by the time +从句（一般过去时），主句（过去完成时）
3).用于由when ,after , before 引导的时间状语从句中，前后两动作都发生在过去。 过去完成时+when/before +一般过去时 一般过去时+after +过去完成时 4).用于宾语从句中。 3.基本结构： had + done. 4.否定形式： had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句： 把had放于句首。 七、一般将来时：
1.概念：
表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：
tomorrow, next day(week, month, year ) ,soon, in+一段时间, by?,the day after tomorrow, this evening ,tonight 3.基本结构：
1).am/is/are/going to + do； 2).will/shall + do.
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