英汉颜色词的文化内涵极与对比的意义
英汉颜色词的文化内涵极其对比
Key words : Chinese、 English、basic colour terms、 pragmatics/ semantic meaning、comparison
摘要：丰富多彩的颜色词的中文及英文的内涵有很大不同。本文讨论了不同的含义和应用颜色词英汉之间在政治，宗教，经济，军事活动和社会生活的手段的对比；汉语和英语颜色词的不同语义导致不同其比喻的含义。由于思维方式、社会制度、传统习俗、地理环境，民族心理和其他因素的不同，对颜色词在理解的语言习惯和掌握运用方面不同，因此，有必要了解和研究这些差异，使我们能够改善我们的语言能力，从而让跨文化传播收获更大的成功。
Abstract:There are plenty of color words in both Chinese and English, but their connotations are quite different. This thesis discusses the different implications and applications of color words between English and Chinese in politics, religion, economy, military events and social life by means of contrast. Different semantic meanings of Chinese and English color words lead to the different comprehensions to their metaphoric meanings. There are many differences in the use of colors and color words as well as in the understanding and mastering the same color for reasons of different language habits, thinking styles, social systems, traditional customs, geographical surroundings, national psychology and other factors. Therefore, it is necessary to know and study these differences so that we can improve our language ability and make the intercultural communications successful.
一：英汉颜色词的文化内涵极其对比的意义、 1、英汉颜色词的文化内涵：
语言是文化的镜子，随着人类文明的不断发展，人们不断赋予颜色词新的生命和活力，从原来表示某种单纯颜色而派生出许多转义，使语言更加生动形象、富有魅力、因而显得愈加重
要。语言是文化的载体，是文化的组成部分，而不同民族的文化又各不相同。某些颜色词在字面上看似对应，但其文化含义却不尽相同，甚至可能大相径庭，由于文化因素的原因,表示颜色的词在不同的语境中被赋予不同的含义。
因而不同的民族语言的颜色词具有不同的文化内涵,不同的民族语言在颜色词,尤其是在基本颜色词的使用上始终存在着差异,它反映了不同民族的习惯传统,透视出不同民族的文化心态。分清其在中西文化中不同的象征意义有利于我们进行跨文化的交际；而颜色词作为一种符号系统在英汉两种语言里具有不同的用途及文化价值、文化意蕴，对英汉颜色词的文化涵义进行分析，了解其所承载的文化信息，能有效地进行跨文化的言语交际，不断促进和加强英、汉之间文化的交流与融合；最重要的是：人们在日常的生活当中时时刻刻都使用各种各样的颜色词,因而在人类语言中,颜色词有其特有的魅力。通过对汉英两种语言中基本颜色词文化涵义的对比分析,可以了解到颜色词在汉英民族语言中的文化差异,以避免在跨文化交际中产生语用失误。
Language is the mirror of culture, with the continuous development of human civilization, people have been given new life to the word color and vitality, from the original color and express some kind of simple derived much escaped, so that language more vivid, attractive, and thus appears to increasingly important. Language is the carrier of culture, are an integral part of culture, and culture of different ethnic groups varies. Certain colors appear to correspond to the word literally, but its cultural meaning is not the same, or even likely to vary because of cultural factors of the reasons that the color of the word in different context have been given different meanings.
Different national languages and therefore the color of the word has a different culture, different national languages in the color of the word, especially in the basic use of color words there is always differences, and it reflects the habits of different ethnic traditions, different ethnic groups Perspective cultural mentality. To distinguish between Chinese and Western cultures in its different symbolic significance in favor of our cross-cultural communication; and color words as a symbol system in English and Chinese languages have different uses and cultural values, and cultural implication of the English and Chinese co
lor words analysis of the meaning of culture, understanding their culture bearer information, and can effectively carry out cross-cultural verbal communication, and continuously promote and strengthen English and Chinese between the cultural exchange and integration; the most important thing is: people in their daily life always use a wide range of color words, which in human language, the color of the word has its unique charm. Through the Chinese and English languages in the cultural meaning of basic color terms of comparative analysis can be seen that the color words in Chinese and English the national language of the cultural differences in order to avoid cross-cultural communication generated Pragmatic Failure. 2、英汉颜色词的对比：
词汇是语言三大系统中最为积极、活跃的部分，社会制度的变化和文化的发展可以在词汇上直接反映出来。从某种意义上讲，词汇是社会文化的镜象反射。词汇中的颜色词尤其如此。基于国内外许多学者对颜色词作出的深入研究，依据对比语言学的理论，两种不同语言的语言现象既可以从形式和结构方面进行对比研究，又可以从内容和功能方面进行对比研究。 Vocabulary is the most active part of language .It can directly reflect the social changes and cultural developments .In a sense, vocabulary is the mirror of the society and culture , so is colour terms .Based on the results of many researches and the theory of the contrastive linguistics ,this paper mainly compares and analysizes the basic colour terms in Chinese and English in the connotation and function aspects . 汉语的颜色词蕴涵着深厚的文化意义和民族感情色彩。不同的颜色在人们的心中产生的心里效应是不一样的。很多颜色具有二重性。同一颜色词语具有“双重语义”特征，而不同颜色词语之间则存在语义对立关系；例如,红色,在很多人的眼中是热情的象征,在另一些人的眼中则象征着暴力。所以“ Red”--红色从颜色上看，红色似火，热情奔放，因而与革命或喜庆相连不足为奇了，红色也就成为了革命之色。
3、现代汉语颜色词的运用范围：
现代汉语颜色词的运用属词语修辞的范围。读者在文学鉴赏中首先接触的就是作品中的语言。其中颜色词进行的表达、象征、暗示等起到的作用不可忽视。只有充分了解现代汉语颜色词的意义、其运用规律和修辞手法等,才能理解文学作品中颜色词的真实意义和作家的意图。
The application of rhetoric of modern Chinese color words belongs to the concept of word rhetoric. Word rhetoric, which has a profound history in China, can be well presented in the domain of the rhetoric of modern Chinese color words. As a certain collection in the modern Chinese, color word has its own characteristics on both expression and application.
4、英汉颜色词语的词义有时对应，有时相佐:
因为大自然的色彩是丰富斑斓的，英汉颜色词语的词义有时对应，有时相佐。所以，我们在翻译时应该仔细推敲，谨慎处理。对于颜色词的翻译涉及到两种文化,特别是颜色词的翻译正确与否对许多涉及颜色的各行各业有着很重要的影响.Because the nature color is rich variegated, sometimes the English to Chinese color words and expressions' word meaning corresponds, sometimes assists. Therefore, we in translation time should deliberate carefully, discrete processing. Involves regarding the color word's translation to two cultures, color word's translator is specially correct or not to many involves the color the various trades and occupations to have the very important influence . 如:Red alert 空袭紧急警报
Red blooded 精力充沛的 Red handed 现行犯的 Red hunter 迫害共产主义者的人 Black beetle 蟑螂 Black browed 愁眉苦脸的 Black tea 红茶 White alert 解除空袭警报 White room 绝尘室
White smith 银匠，锡匠 Green line 轰炸线，敌我分界线 Green room 演员休息室 Blue alert 空袭警报 Blue jacket 水兵，水手 Blue water 大海 Brown bread 黑面包 Brown gugar 红糖 Brown paper 牛皮纸 Pink elephants 幻觉 Pink tea 午后茶会 Pinkeye 火眼 Purple medic 苜蓿 Grey cloth 本色布 Grey mare 比丈夫强的妻子，雌老虎
二：英汉语中的颜色词的分类、
1、英汉语中的颜色词的基本分类：
英汉语中的颜色词的数量都极为丰富。“而英汉两种语言把颜色词大致分为三类： basic color words (基本颜色词。如：赤，橙，黄，绿，青，蓝，紫。英语--red，white， black，green， yellow， blue， purple， gray， brown。)，color words with colors of objects (实物颜色词。如：“实物颜色词就是把用自然界物体的本色来表示颜色的词。例如:silver(银白)，gold (金色)，chestnut-brown(栗色)，lead-gray(铅灰)。这类颜色词广泛用于日常生活和文学作品中。”)和color words in shades（色差颜色词）。” 2、颜色词的内涵与外延：
颜色词除表示其具体实际的色彩外，还会由于不同国家的不同文化而具有不同的涵义。例如a white day可 译为“白色的日子”，但在英国，白色往往表 示“纯真”、“崇高”、“吉祥”、“幸福”之意。a white day意为“吉日” 或“喜庆的日字”。
世界各民族语言表达颜色的词语多寡不一，分类各异。英语和汉语对基本颜色词的分类差别不大。汉语中有赤、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫，英语中有red（红）， white（白），black（黑），green（绿），yellow（黄），blue（蓝），purple（紫），gray（灰），brown（棕）。这些基本颜色之间有相同的方面，也有不同的区别。
另外，受地理环境、民情风俗、思维方式、宗教信仰、民族心理等因素的影响，各种颜色对于不同民族的人而言，在视觉和心理上所引发的联想和象征意义也不尽相同，翻译时应该特别注意其中的差异。
此外，英语中与颜色词在一起组成的复合词或带有颜色词的词组往往有其特殊意义或习惯用法，这些都是在翻译颜色词时不可忽略之处。下面列举几个主要颜色词在英语和汉语中的对比。
In addition, by the geographical environment, people and customs, way of thinking, religion, national psychology and other factors, a variety of colors for different ethnic groups in terms of people, in the visual and psychological triggered by symbolic association and may differ from each other Translation should pay special attention to one of the difference.
In addition, the English word together with the color of the composition of compound words or phrases with color words often have a special meaning or customary usage, these are the words in the translation of color can not be ignored at