摘 要
无线传感器网络是计算机科学技术的一个新的研究领域，是传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理技术和无线通信技术相结合的产物。与传统网络相比，无线传感器网络具有造价低、功耗低、布局灵活性强、监测精度高等特点，因此在军事、医疗、家用等多个领域均有广阔的应用市场。
本文重点研究基于无线传感器网络的泛洪式路由协议，无线传感器网络节点数量庞大、单个节点资源有限，其路由协议设计的首要目标是提高能量有效性，延长网络寿命。本文总结了WSN的概念、结构、特点，分析了WSN的关键性技术问题及网络协议；研究了WSN的网络协议体系和路由协议的分类，分析比较了目前国内外学者提出的几种有代表性的路由协议及其性能优缺点；选择了flooding路由协议为研究重点，分析了该路由算法的具体实现，针对传感器节点能量及传输范围有限等特点，提出了一种基于延迟的自适应泛洪路由算法，首先通过源节点在网内用较小的路由请求报文和路由回复报文来建立路由，路由建立的过程中自适应地确定等待时间以使更优的路由请求报文得到转发，然后源节点再沿着建立好的路径转发较大的数据报文。并采用MATLAB网络仿真工具对该路由协议进行了整体仿真，并对其数据进行了分析。仿真实验表明新算法较Flooding节能，能较好的克服Flooding算法中报文冗余度高、能耗大等不足。
关键词：无线传感器网络；flooding路由协议；MATLAB仿真
ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks are a new research field of computer science and technology. They are the integration of sensor techniques, nested computation techniques, distributed computation techniques and wireless communication techniques. Comparing with traditional networks, the wireless sensor networks features with low cost, low power loss, flexible layout and high monitor precision, therefore the sensor networks can be used for various application are as such as military, chemical, home.
This article focus on wireless sensor networks based on the Pan Hung-routing protocol, wireless sensor network nodes large number of individual nodes with limited resources, the routing protocol designed first and foremost objective is to improve energy efficiency and extend the network lifetime. This paper summarizes the WSN the concept, structure and characteristics of the WSN the key technical problems and network protocols; study of the WSN system and network routing protocol agreement the classification, analysis and comparison of the current domestic and foreign scholars have proposed several representatives The routing of the agreement and its performance advantages and disadvantages; chosen the flooding focus on routing protocols, analysis of the routing algorithm to achieve the specific, the sensor nodes the limited scope of energy and transmission characteristics, a delay based on the Adaptive Flood routing algorithm, first of all through the nodes in the network source in the smaller routing, and routing the request to restore the text to create a routing, routing the process of establishing adaptive to determine the waiting time to make better Routing the request was transmitted by text, and then another source nodes along the path forward the establishment of good data on the larger text. MATLAB and use the network simulation tool for the overall routing protocol simulation, and the data were analyzed. The simulation shows that the new algorithm than Flooding energy-saving, can better overcome Flooding algorithm message redundancy and high energy consumption, such as the insufficient.
Keywords：WSN；flooding routing protocols；MATLAB Simulation
目 录
1 绪 论 .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 课题背景 .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 国内外技术研究现状 ................................................................................................ 2 1.3 课题研究的目的和意义 ............................................................................................ 3 2 WSN综述 ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.1 WSN的概念 .............................................................................................................. 4 2.2 WSN的结构 .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1 节点结构 .......................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 网络体系结构 .................................................................................................. 5 2.3 WSN协议栈 .............................................................................................................. 6 2.4 WSN的拓扑结构 ...................................................................................................... 7 2.5 WSN的特点 ............................................................................................................ 10
2.6 WSN的关键性技术问题 ................................................................................. 11 2.6.1 功耗问题 ........................................................................................................ 12 2.6.2 节能策略 ........................................................................................................ 12 2.6.3 通信问题 ........................................................................................................ 14 2.6.4 网络安全问题 ................................................................................................ 15 2.6.5 定位问题 ........................................................................................................ 15 2.6.6 数据管理 ........................................................................................................ 15 2.6.7 服务质量 ........................................................................................................ 16 2.6.8 嵌入式操作系统 ............................................................................................ 16
3.WSN路由协议算法分析 ..................................................................................................... 17
3.1 WSN路由协议的分类方法 .................................................................................... 17 3.2 几种典型路由协议的分析 ...................................................................................... 18
3.2.1 平面路由协议 ................................................................................................ 18 3.2.2 分层路由协议 ................................................................................................ 22
4 Flooding路由协议的分析与研究 .................................................................................... 27
4.1 泛洪算法模型 .......................................................................................................... 27
4.2 算法流程图 .............................................................................................................. 28 4.3 基于延迟的自适应洪泛路由算法 .......................................................................... 29
4.3.1 算法中用到的报文和数据 ............................................................................ 29 4.3.2 SFD算法描述 ................................................................................................ 30 4.3.3 性能比较尺度 ................................................................................................ 31 4.3.4 理论分析 ........................................................................................................ 32
5 Flooding路由协议的MATLAB仿真 .............................................................................. 35
5.1 MATLAB仿真平台介绍 ......................................................................................... 35 5.2 算法仿真实验参数 .................................................................................................. 38 5.3 实验结果 .................................................................................................................. 39 6 结 论 ................................................................................................................................. 42 致 谢 ........................................................................................................................................ 43 参考文献 .................................................................................................................................. 44 附录A：英文原文 .................................................................................................................. 45 附录B：中文翻译 .................................................................................................................. 51 附录C：程序代码 .................................................................................................................. 55
沈阳理工大学学士学位论文
1 绪 论
1.1 课题背景
无线传感器网络是新兴的下一代传感器网络，最早的代表性论述出现在1999年，题为“传感器走向无线时代”。随后在美国的移动计算和网络国际会议上，提出了WSN下一个世纪面临的发展机遇。2003年，美国《技术评论》杂志在论述未来新兴十大技术时，WSN名列第一；同年，美国Business week预测的未来四大新技术：效用计算、传感器网络、塑料电子学和仿生人体器官，QSN也列入其中。2004年 ((IEEE spectrum》杂志发表一期专集《传感器的国度》，论述了WSN的发展和可能的广泛应用。可以预计，WSN的发展和广泛应用，将对人们的社会生活和产业变革带来极大的影响和产生巨大的推动。有专家预计，WSN的广泛应用是一种必然趋势，它的出现将会给人类社会带来极大的变革。传感器网络的发展主要经历了4代：
(1)第一代：上世纪70年代，就出现了具有简单模拟信号传输功能的传统传感器所组成的点对点输出的测控系统网络。该网络具有简单信息获取能力，只是初步实现了信息的单向传递，其缺点是布线复杂、抗干扰性差。
(2)第二代：随着相关学科的不断发展和进步，传感器网络具有了获取多种信息的综合处理能力，并通过采用串/并接口与传感控制器的相联，组成了有信息综合和处理能力的传感器网络。
(3)第三代：20世纪90年代后期，出现了基于现场总线技术的智能传感器网络。现场总线是连接智能化现场设备和控制室的全数字、开放式的双向通信网络智能传感器的通信技术进入局域网阶段，其局部测控网络通过网关和路由器可以实现与Intimae灯Intranet连接。
(4)第四代：大量多功能传感器被运用，并采用无线通信机制，因此也称为。WSN，正处于研究和开发阶段。
WSN是一种无基础设施的网络，由一定数目的传感器节点构成，它综合了 传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理技术和无线通信技术，能协作地 实时监测、感知和采集节点部署区域的各种环境或监测对象的信息(如光强、温 度、湿度、噪音和有害气体浓度等物理现象)，并对这些数据进行处理，获得详
1