一份耕耘，一份收获 答案只是参考，请大家努力自学
was any cleaning work I could do.
Cause 2: since he felt sorry for me.
Effect 2: he agreed to give me thirty hours a month.
What markers and structures does the author use to organize the cause-and-effect descriptions? The markers are: hearing this, so, since. Structured writing XV. One example
Some working students end up earning/making more money than their teachers. Knowing this, they feel/are more sympathetic. Priscilla says, “Since I can afford better food and clothes than my teachers (can), I make special efforts to be cooperative in class.” 第六单元 课文翻译 UNIT6 TEXT A
斯蒂芬?霍金简历
迈克尔?怀特 约翰?格里宾
他被称为“活着的最有才华的人”，“20世纪后期最伟大的天才”，以及“爱因斯坦的传人”。因《时间简史》一书而闻名遐迩为众人所知的斯蒂芬?霍金是一个多重意义上的明星科学家。 霍金擅长于用一种非科学工作者乐于接受的文体揭示宇宙的奥秘，这种天赋使他声誉鹊起，也使他的书在英国和美国都成了畅销书。该书因在《星期日泰晤士报》十大畅销书名单上持续了184周，并在全世界销售了500多万册而在《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》上赢得了一席之地──对一本科学书籍来说，这简直是前所未闻的成功。
这一切是如何发生的呢？一个几乎全身瘫痪通过电脑说话的人只能是如何克服这些令人难以置信的障碍， 获得了远远超过大多数人所梦想过的成就的呢？
斯蒂芬?威廉?霍金出生时是一个健康的婴儿，父母都是知识分子，
一份耕耘，一份收获 答案只是参考，请大家努力自学
但脾气古怪。 他的父亲弗兰克是一个专治热带疾病的医生， 母亲伊泽贝尔是一个医生的女儿。 他们居住在一幢堆满书籍的大而旧的房子里。 地毯和家具一直要用到破烂不堪才更换，墙纸因年长月久而脱落。 家里的汽车是一辆花50英磅买来的伦敦出租车。
霍金一直对他的生日：1942年1月8日迷恋不已。那是意大利数学家和天文学家伽利略逝世300周年的纪念日。伽利略坚信太阳系的中心是太阳，而非古代天文学家所认为的地球，从而使天文学发生了革命性的变革。
“无论从比喻意义还是从字面意义上讲，”霍金说，“伽利略都是第一个开始利用其眼睛的科学家。从某种意义上说，我们现在享有的科学时代应归功于他。”
霍金进了圣?奥尔本斯学校读书，这是一所以学业标准高而著名的私立学校。他属于一个小小的精英集团，即聪明学生中最聪明的一群。他们聚在一起，听古典音乐，读书只读“聪明睿智”的作家，如奥尔德斯?赫胥黎和伯特兰?罗素的作品。罗素是霍金崇拜的英雄，他既是一位知识的巨人，又是一位自由主义激进分子。
霍金在数学作业上花的时间很少，却仍然得满分。一个朋友回忆道：“我在绞尽脑汁做一道复杂的题目时，他已经知道答案了。他连想都不用想。”
这种本能的悟性也给他的老师们留下了深刻的印象。例如，霍金的一位理科老师回忆起有一次他提出这样一个问题：“在哪种情况下一杯热茶会更快地达到可以喝的温度，是先倒入牛奶呢还是斟完茶后再加牛奶？”当班上其他同学甚至还在苦思冥想如何着手回答这个问题时，霍金几乎立即就大声讲出了正确答案：“当然是斟完茶后再加牛奶。”（一开始茶越热，冷得就越快。）另一位老师讲述了霍金和他的朋友们如何建造了一台简单的电脑──那是在1958年， 当时只有一些大的研究中心才有电脑。
一份耕耘，一份收获 答案只是参考，请大家努力自学
中、小学时代的霍金是个典型的书呆子，他体重不足，笨手笨脚，眼镜后的一双眼睛老是眯缝着。他的灰色制服看上去总是邋里邋遢，而他说起话来则口齿不清──他轻微的咬舌儿是他父亲遗传给他的。这和他疾病的早期症状无关；他就是那种孩子──教室里的笑柄，朋友们尊敬他，大多数人则避开他。
霍金进了牛津大学继续学习， 他获得了在大学学院攻读自然科学的奖学金，这是一门融数学、物理和天文学于一体的课程。他发现大多数功课都很简单，平均每天只学习一个小时。有一次，他的老师根据一本教科书布置了几道物理题，霍金甚至连做也不做。当问他为什么不做时，他用了20分钟时间指出书中的错误。他最热衷的是划船俱乐部的活动。许多次他回到岸边，船被撞落下几块碎片，原来他曾试图带领他的船员穿越一个窄得难以穿过的峡口。他的划船教练疑或地说道，“他有一半时间，人坐在船尾而脑子却到了星球上，演算着数学公式。”
牛津大学一向也有它的一批怪学生，所以霍金与之非常适应。但后来，在他21岁时，他获知患了肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化，一种进行性的无法治愈的神经疾病。医生们预计他只有几年能活。
“在我的病情被诊断之前，我十分厌倦生活，”霍金今天在轮椅上通过一个电脑控制的声音合成器说。 医生无情的病情预测使他决心要从他过去视为当然的生活中获取最多的东西。
“但我并没有死，”霍金冷冷地说道。相反，随着霍金的健康每况愈下，他在科学界的声誉却与日俱增，仿佛是在证明精神可以战胜物质这一理论。霍金自己承认，他之所以会将注意力集中于日后被证明为其真正强项的理论研究之上，他的疾病是一个关键因素。霍金专门研究理论宇宙学，一个寻找重大问题的终极答案的科学分支：宇宙为什么产生，主宰它的规律是什么？他的主要工作一直是在研究黑洞和宇宙的起源与扩张。 他目前在剑桥大学拥有的教席过去曾经属于伊萨克?牛顿爵士。
这位世界上最聪明的人并非没有那种会伴随着严重残疾而出现的抑郁消沉。但霍金说：“我很快便意识到，如果你牢骚满腹或忿恨不已，世
一份耕耘，一份收获 答案只是参考，请大家努力自学
界上其余的人就不会想结识你。如果你要得到很多人的同情或帮助，你就必须乐观。”他继续说道：“如今，肌肉的力量已经过时。我们需要的是头脑的力量──而在这方面，残疾人丝毫不比其他任何人逊色。”
Text comprehension II.
1. Because he is a star in the sense of a celebrity and in the sense that his expertise is related to astronomy.
2. He is paralyzed except for a few muscles, and he has lost his ability to use his voice.
3. These are examples of the family?s eccentricity.
4. He means that he regards Galileo as the first scientist to closely observe the world and to base his ideas about science on observation.
5. He was very gifted without having to work hard, and he hung around with an ?elite group? of intelligent students.
6. It seems to be meant as an example of his quick and insightful mind- but to me it sounds as if hawking just happened to know the answer to this particular ?puzzle? (so do I, now!)
7. His physical awkwardness, his messy uniform and his speech impediments. 8. It?s an example of Hawking?s eccentricity.
9. He gained appreciation for and interest in life.
10. They mean that it showed how determination and ambition can help people overcome seemingly impossible obstacles (i.e. Hawking?s severe disabilities).
11. it helped him focus on his real gift: theoretical research.
12. he means that civilization has evolved to the point that having physical disabilities like his doesn?t mean a person can?t make a meaningful contribution to society. Vocabulary III.
1. insight 2. obstacles 3. paralyzed 4. poses 5. proclaimed 6. predicted 7. Initially 8. eccentric 9. gap 10 inherit
一份耕耘，一份收获 答案只是参考，请大家努力自学
IV.
Slight variations in the exact wording are possible, but the general idea for each revision is :
1. Hawking has been proclaimed a genius and Einstein?s heir. 2. His father was a doctor specializing in tropical diseases.
3. Ancient astronomers maintained that the earth was the center of the solar system.
4. Hawking was part of an elite group of bright students who listened to classical music.
5. He acknowledges that his disease was a crucial factor in focusing his attention on theoretical research. V.
1. Big industries that are responsible for a lot of pollution pay special taxes that finance environmental clean-up projects.
2. We bought these chairs only last year and they are falling apart already. 3. Each of us has to work out the problems posed by life in our own way. 4. Haven?t your parents ever said anything about your hanging around with such eccentric friends?
5. Just as Jane put the glass on the table, the cat jumped up and knocked it off. 6. Fascinated by the stars and planets, the boy dreamed of becoming a professional astronomer someday.
7. Many educators say that an ability to perform well on tests has nothing to do with true intelligence.
8. Alfred was at once a great philosopher and a talented musician.
9. Plenty of people who have trouble in school when young later turn out to be creative genius.
10. Of course you have trouble learning if you never bother to look up new words in the dictionary. Word building VI.
1. anthropology 人类学 2. archaeologist 考古学家 3. astronomer 天文学家 4. biological 生物学的 5. chemistry 化学 6. chemist 化学家7. cosmology 宇宙学 8. cosmologist 宇宙学家 9. mathematical 数学的