2015-2016学年牛津英语沪教版中考英语语法专题复习
连词（conjunctions）
连词是用来连接词、短语、句子或从句的词，它属于一种虚词，在句子中不重读，不能单独充当句子成分。根据连词的作用，连词可以分为＿＿连词、＿＿连词、分词连词和短语连词。中考经常考查有关连词的要点有下列几种情况：
分类 连词 例句 表平行或对等关系and；Work hard, and you’ll pass both…and；not the exam.。 only…but also；as well Neither the father nor the as；neither…nor son has seen the film 表＿＿关系：but 但是；The doctors are very tired, 并列连词（表示词，短语，yet然而；while然而 but they are still working 从句或句子间有并列关very hard 系） 表＿＿关系：or；Either you or Xiao Li will attend the meeting either…or tomorrow. 表因果关系：so；for； It is raining hard; so i have to stay at home 引导宾语，状语，表语从If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, 句的： who/what/where/ we’ll go for a picnic. The monkey was so funny which/how/when/why 从属连词（引导从句的连although；when /while/as that everybody laughed. 词） because， if，unless；since His father was reading a before；after；until newspaper while his /not …until；so／mother was cooking. such …that so that／in order that
1.常用并列连词的用法
1）由and连接两个主语时谓语动词要用复数形式。如：You and I are from China. 但是， and前面的主语之前有every, each, no, many a的时候用＿数谓语动词.如： Every train and bus was crowded with many people. 2） both+主语+and+主语+“复数谓语动词”。如： Both Tom and Jerry are going to the cinema.
3） not only…but also；either...or; neither...nor如果连接两个主语,谓语动词就近原则.如： Not only he but also his parents are very kind to me.
4） as well as ；together with后面的主语不作为成分.且谓语动词根据首主语变化如：
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This study, as well as many other reports, shows that cancer can be cured. 后面如果接动词一定要用动名词.如： She sings as well as playing the piano. 5）but用来表示转折,如： He tried hard but he was unsuccessful.
还可以用在no one, none, nobody, nothing, all, every等词之后表示”除了…以外”。如： All the boys but one are here.
6) or连接句子或词组,表示 “或者”之意。 Which do you prefer, yellow, blue or red? or, 也有“否则”的意思. 如：Be quick, or you will be late.
7）so表示因此, 相当于therefore.（adv.） 如：They cost a lot of money, so use them carefully. It is very cold. Therefore, we should stay here.
8）for引导的句子不可以放在句首，之前必须由逗号，表示推论的理由 They must be good friends, for they are always together. The day breaks, for the birds are singing. 2.常用从属连词的用法
1）that引导名词性从句(主语/宾语/表语从句),同位语从句，定语从句,…如： I was surprised to hear that he became the president. 2） when, while, as
when 在---时刻或时期，可指时间点或时间段，从句动词是终止或持续动词。 When I got home, he was having supper. When I was young, I liked dancing.
as 表示“边---边---”或“与---同时”表示动作同时发生伴随进行。动词相似,如终止性动词为从句，则主句也为终止性动词。 They talked as they walked. while表示只是时间段，不是时间点，从句的动词只限于持续动词。 While I slept, a thief broke in.
when 从句为终止动词不能用while 替换When he came yesterday, we were playing basketball.
如从句动词为终止性动词，主句也是终止性动词 when 和as 可以互换。 He came just as I reached the door. 3） after（..以后）/before （..以前）
After her husband died she had to take everything on herself. Take the medicine before you go to bed.
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4） since引导的从句是肯定句,一般主句都是完成时. （自从...） She has had another baby since we met.
5） till/until 其中until较为常用, till是口语. （直到...）
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. I won't go until he comes. 6）as soon as （一...就）从句一般用一般现在时 I’ll tell him the news as soon as I see him. 7） so/such… that 结果状语从句(程度) She was so moved that tears came to her eyes.
They took such care of her that not long after she was restored to health. 8） if(假如,如果)不能用＿＿. If you call him a fatty, he will get angry. whether/if(是否) if 能引导宾语语从句 Please tell me whether it is true or not. I haven't decided whether/if I'll go with you.
在介词后,名词后,不定式前和有or not的句子中用whether.
9） unless=＿＿＿ You can not interview him unless you get the permission. 10）though/although都作为”虽然,尽管”可以互换,although用的更多一些. 后面不可以有＿＿但可以有＿＿/＿＿＿.
Although he is much better, yet his father isn't satisfied.
3.易混淆连词的用法辨析 （1） while, when, as
这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。
1) 当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。例如：
As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car. 2) 当两个长动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是while。例如： While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework. 3) 当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as。例如：
As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.
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4) 当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示“一边…一边…”时，最常用as。例如： Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry. She looked behind from time to time as she went.
5) 当从句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用when。例如： When he finished his work, he took a short rest.
6) 当从句是瞬间动作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用when。例如： When John arrived I was cooking lunch. （2）as, because, since , for
这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别。
1) 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如：I stayed at home because it rained. ---Why aren’t you going? ---Because I don’t want to.
2) 如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一点。As和since 引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如： As he wasn’t ready, we left without him. Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.
3) for用来补充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如：
I decided to stop and have lunch，for I was feeling quite hungry. （3）if, whether
if和whether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如： I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school. I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film. 在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if： 1) 在不定式前。例如：
I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not. 2）用or并列两项以上时。例如： I don’t now whether he comes or not. （4）so…that, such...that
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1) so…that中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词，而such...that中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。 1. so + adj/ adv.+ that
e.g: It was so hot that I felt very uncomfortable. e.g: He runs so fast that I can’t catch him.
2. . so +many/few +可数名词/much/ little +不可数名词that
e.g: So few people came to see the film that the manger put on another film instead. They had so little money that they could not buy enough food.
3. such +a/an+ adj. +n.单数 = so + adj. + a/an + n.单数(形容词的位置不同） e.g: He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school. = He is so young a boy that he can’t go to school. 4. such+adj+复数\\不可数+that
e.g: He told us such funny stories that we all laughed. （5）either…or…, neither…nor, not only…but also…
这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时， 谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如： Either you or he is wrong.
Neither he nor his children like fish.
Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book. （6）although, but
这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说“Although he is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”这个句子应改为：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others. （7）because, so
这两个连词同样不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说“Because John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 这个句子应改为Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor. （8）and 与or 在否定句中的区别：
当列举部分是主语，又在否定句之前时，用and 连接，而列举的成分在否定词
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