3.2 Trophic Web or Food Web 食物网Trophic Web or Food Web:
Ecosystems are complex systems. Most
plants are fed on by a variety of Herbivores and most herbivores feed on a variety of plants. Most herbivores are also fed on by a variety of carnivores.
Thus trophic chains are but components of an intricate network or web of trophic dependencies----
?生物之间的捕食和被食的关系不是简单的一
条链，而是错综复杂的相互依赖的网状结构，即食物网。
?食物网不仅维持着生态系统的相对平衡，并
推动着生物的进化，成为自然界发展演变的动力。
?这种以营养为纽带，把生物与环境、生物与
生物紧密联系起来的结构，称为生态系统的营养结构。
Food webs 食物网
3.3 Trophic Structure 营养级Trophic level is composed of organisms which have same food of Food Chain.
捕食食物鏈
碎屑食物鏈