I’d rather you didn’t make any comment in the issue for the time being. 我宁愿你没有对当前的话题发表任何意见。（would rather, would sooner, would prefer,宁愿，有虚拟意义）
I’d rather go tomorrow than today.我宁愿明天去，也不愿今天去。 4.6.10.助动词和情态动词 作为助动词的shall，will, should, would, be, have, do 等已淡化了本身词义，只起一些限定作用，表明句子中的主语与谓语一致，句子的时态，语态和语气，以及强调和疑问等形式，前面已有举例。
情态动词有can ,could；dare；have to；may, might；must；need； ought to；shall, should； will, would等。本身词义不完全，不能单独使用，需要和其它动词一起，作为复合谓语。例如； Can you speak English? Yes ,I can.
Could you tell me how to get there? Of course.（委婉说法） I dare say you are right.
The officer have to work for the people.
May I help you? (店员常用语,您要点什么?一般为要帮忙吗?) He might have gone to the downtown.他可能已经进市了。 4.6.11.非谓语动词 不能做谓语的动词，有动词不定式，动名词和分词三种。由于不能做谓语，也就不必和主语一致，也称为非限定动词。
动词不定式 除情态动词外，动词原形前带或不带to,可以成为句子中除不能单独做谓语以外的各种组成成分。即可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语和状语。动词不定式有时态和语态的变化形式，见表E5
表E5 动词不定式的时态和语态
一般式 进行式 完成式 主动语态 to give to be giving to have given 被动语态 to be given —— to have been given —— 完成进行式 to have been giving 例如；
To swim is a good sport for health. 游泳对健康是一种好的运动。（做主语）
The duty of the police is to get you away,to save you.(表语) He seems to be a doctor. 他似乎是一名医生。（复合谓语） He seems to know her address. I hope to see you again.
I hope to be back in a couple of days.我希望能在两三天后回来。（宾语）
Do you have anything to do again?你还有什么事情要做？（定语） I am reading the paper to be published at once.我在阅读即将出版的论文。（一般被动式）
She is thought(known/believed/said/supposed )to be living abroad.据认为(据知/据信/据说/据猜)她住在国外。（这些词后常用被动进行式）
I am sorry to have given (taken)you so much trouble(time).对不起多打扰你了（主动完成式）
I meant(intended/expected) to have called you, but I forgot.我本该呼你，但我忘记了。（主动完成式）
He is believed to have been waiting for a message.据信他在等待一个信息。(完成进行式)
There is no time to lose(to be lose).时间紧迫，不能耽误了。（主动与被动没有区别）
There is nothing to do(to be done).无事可干(无能为力)。（主动与被动前后有区别）
有些谓语动词后面的宾语直接为不定式，有学者大体归纳如下；agree, ask, affect, beg, care, choose , decide, desire, determine, demand, expect, help, hope, learn, manage, mean, offer, plan , prepare, refuse， seek, wish等。例如； I agree to go with you to the office.我同意和你去办公室。 动名词 动词原形加-ing为动名词,既有动词性质，可以有宾语，又有名词性质，可以做主语，宾语等。谓语动词后直接用不定式做宾语还是用动名词做宾语是有区别的，有的则没有区别，要记忆和积累。 动名词的时态和语态如下表E6
表E6 动名词的时态和语态
一般式 主动语态 被动语态 taking being taken 完成式 having taken having been taken 直接用动名词的谓语动词同样归纳大体有；admit, advocate, avoid, contemplate, deny, excuse, enjoy, finish, forbid, give up, imagine, leave off, mind, miss, object to, prevent, pardon, permit, regret，require, resist, risk, suggest,等，例如； We admitted having go to the school.我们承认去过学校。（一般时态）
We can not imagine living without air and water.我们无法想象生活能离开空气和水。（一般式时态）
We regret not having taken your advice.我们抱歉没有采纳你的建议（完成式时态）
He dislikes being interrupted during his work.他工作时不喜欢被人打扰。（被动语态）
分词 动词有现在分词（动词加-ing）和过去分词（动词加-ed或不规则动词表）。有动词性质，又有形容词和副词性质。分词的时态和语态如下表E7
表E7 分词的时态和语态
及物动词take(例) 主动态 现在分词 一般式 被动态 不及物动词go 主动态 taking being taken going 完成式 having taken having been taken having gone 过去分词一般式 —— taken gone 现在分词表示主动的意义，所表示的动作常常是正在进行的。而过去
分词只有一种一般形式，表示被动或已完成了的动作或状态。例如； The student working in the lab is very diligent. (定语，在所修饰名词的后面)
The problem being discussed is a practical question.（现在分词一般被动式）
Having been invited to present a report, I 'll start making preparations this night.我被邀请作一个报告，今晚要开始作准备。（现在分词完成式被动态）
He will come soon if a taxi taken.如果搭车，他马上到。 4.7.副词
用来说明动词，形容词，副词以至全句的时间、地点、方式、程度、疑问、关系、连接等的情况。有的本身就是副词，有的是形容词末尾加-ly的、也有的就用形容词为副词，字典里有说明。例如；ago, now，
recently(时间)；locally, globally(地点)； firmly, rapidly, early(方式)； deeply, half(程度)； how, where, when, (疑问、关系、连接)。
I first saw her two years ago, this very night. 我在两年前的今夜见过她。
This is a weather problem globally.这是一个全球气候问题。 I go to bed early and get up early.我早睡早起。 I am deeply grateful to you.我深为感谢你。 How long ago was it? 多久以前的事？
I am thinking how strange it was.我正在考虑那件事多么奇怪。 We lived in Beijing, where we study in a university. 副词和形容词一样，也有原级，比较级和最高级。多音节的增加用more, most构成比较级和最高级。也有不规则的比较级和最高级。例如；late―later―latest； carefully，more carefully, most carefully；well― better― best等。 4.8.介词
介于名词、代词及相当于名词、代词的短语或从句之前，又称前置词。但也可以在句尾，当其宾语为疑问代词、疑问副词和关系动词时。能与动词、形容词和名词成为固定搭配，能形成介词短语，说明句子的时间、地点、因果等状况。可以做状语，定语和宾语的补充语。能构成成语。因此，看似简单的介词，有些却很难用得恰当，还需留意记住和理解，写作和考试中常常很为难。要多查字典。 介词有简单的，也有复杂的，也有短语。例如；
as, at，by, for, in, of, on, to, up, with, into, onto, out of, according to, as for, by means of, due to, in spite of, in stead of, owing to, regarding, including, agree with, agree to, look for,等。介词成语有at first, at least, at once, by air, by the way, on account of, on duty, out of bound, day after day, one