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翻译实践 LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Translation & language learning
Can you see what is wrong with the translation? 1. He is easily the best student in the class. 他很容易地成了班上最好的学生。 2. The stranger robbed his wife. 那个陌生人抢了他的妻子。 3. I can?t agree more. 我不能同意更多了。
4. I won?t do it to save my life. 为了救自己的命，我不会干。 5. I dare say he is honest. 我敢说他是诚实的。
她没有出席开幕式，这件事并没有使人感到意外。
1. She didn?t (failed to) come to/ turn up at/ wasn?t present at the opening ceremony. This thing/ matter caused no surprise/ surprised nobody. 2. (The fact) that …caused no surprise. 3. She didn?t …, but /and this caused ….
4. It caused no surprise/ It was not surprising that she …. 5. As was expected, she …
2. Definition of translation
Translating is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. —— Columbia Encyclopedia
翻译的性质：
是一种艺术，而非科学。 艺术表现个性，因人而异； 科学表现共性，不容变动。
To translate is to change into another language, retaining as much of the sense as one can.
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
美国著名的翻译理论家尤金·奈达对翻译的定义：
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
翻译就是在译语中用最为贴切自然的等语再现原语的信息——首先是就意义而言，其次是就风格而言。
所有关于翻译的定义的共同点
? 翻译这一语言活动涉及两种不同的语言，即原文语言(source language) 与译文语言(target language)。
? 翻译的目的是实现这两种语言之间意义的对应转换，即将SL表达的信息通过TL加以传递。 ? 在实现这种语际意义对应转换中，要做到完整准确、不折不扣。
Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
It is sometimes said that there is no task more complex than translation— a claim that can be readily
believed when all the variables involved are taken into account. Translators not only need to know their source language well; they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text, and of any social, cultural, or emotional connotations that need to be specified in the target language if the intended effect is to be conveyed. The same special awareness needs to be present for the target language, so that points of special phrasing, local expectations, and so on, can all be taken into account.
3. Scope of translation
In terms of languages按所涉及的语言:Native languages foreign languages Of mode 按工作方式：Oral interpretation, written translation, machine translation Of materials to be translated 按翻译材料：
Scientific materials, literary works, political essays政论作品, practical writing应用文 Of disposal 按具体的处理方式：
Full-text translation全文翻译, abridged translation摘译, adapted translation 编译
4. Requirements of a qualified translator 4.1 外文水平高 ? Just imagine (it). ? I?ll buy it.
? You?re telling me.
4.2 中文水平高
? 不少人认为“信达雅”是严复的戛戛独造，并奉之为译事圭臬。 ? Henry Kissinger had slept there before, in July and again in October.
4.3 知识面广 ——杂家
? John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game.
? Nintendo will also remain a player in the games market. This low-market leader has done well by relying on its own mega-successful characters: Pokemon, Mario and Donkey Kong.
4.4 政治觉悟高——用词褒贬
? the peasants uprisings in the history of China
? The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent.
4.5 熟悉基本的翻译技巧
前四个条件在短期内难于达到
熟悉基本的翻译技巧，在较短时间内是比较容易取得一定效果的。
? I took the news with a grain of salt.
? He has many hot potatoes to handle every day. ? This seemingly simple question had her in a pickle.
5. Brief introduction to the history of translation in China
about 2,000 years
5.1 Eastern Han—N. & S. Dynasties (25—581) 5.2 Sui Dynasty—Tang Dynasty (581—907) 5.3 The Ming Dynasty (1368—1644 ) 5.4 The Qing Dynasty (1644—1911 ) 5.5 After the May 4th Movement of 1919
5.1 Eastern Han—Northern & Southern Dynasties (25—581)
西汉哀帝时代(公元前6年－公元元年)，有个名叫伊存的人到中国口传一些简短的佛经经句。 东汉桓帝建和二年（148年），
An Shih-ko安世高开始佛经的翻译，译《安般守意经》等30多部佛经
Indu Dharmarakcha 竺法护：月氏/支人，译175部佛经
三支：支娄迦谶、支亮、支谦，月氏人 民间私人事业
5.2 Sui Dynasty—Tang Dynasty (581—907) Golden age of translation in ancient China
Three giants in translating Buddhist scripture appeared:
Xuan Zang玄奘，Kumarajiva 鸠摩罗什，aramartha (also called Gunarata) 真谛 （波罗末他） Xuan Zang (Tang Dynasty) 玄奘
唐太宗贞观二年（628年）出发去印度求经，17年后回国。带回佛经657部，19年间译出75部佛经，共1335卷。
提出“既须求真，又须喻俗”，即“忠实、通顺”的翻译标准 organize workshops 译场
the first one in China to translate Chinese documents into Sanskrit 《道德经》
5.3 The Ming Dynasty （1368—1644）
明代开始中国出现介绍西欧各国科学、文学、哲学的翻译家。
明徐光启和意大利人利玛窦M. Ricci合作翻译了欧几里德Euclid的《几何原本》Elements、《测量法义》等书。
5.4 The Qing Dynasty (1644—1911 ) 林纾（琴南）译160多部文学作品
《巴黎茶花女遗事》（Camille ），《黑奴吁天录》（Uncle Tom’s Cabin) 《块肉余生述》 (David Copperfield)，《王子复仇记》（Hamlet) 严复（又陵）及其译著
《天演论》（Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays by T.H. Huxley 赫胥黎)
《原富》(Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by A. Smith 亚当·斯密) 《群学肄言》 (Study of Sociology H. Spencer 斯宾塞) 《群己权界论》(On Liberty J.S. Miller穆勒 )
5.5 “五四” 之后我国的翻译事业的发展
开始介绍马列主义经典著作和无产阶级文学作品。 白话文代替了文言文
陈望道《共产党宣言》Manifesto of the Communist Party 鲁迅《毁灭》《死魂灵》 瞿秋白
6. Criteria of Translation
The most popular & acclaimed criterion—three characters 严复(1854-1921)的信达雅理论
信 faithfulness 达 expressiveness 雅 elegance/ refinement 傅雷：传神
The purpose of translation is to “achieve the ?spirit? of the original”.
以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而是神似。 (1951, 《高老头——重译本序》)
林语堂在1933年的《论翻译》一文中提出了三条标准： 忠实标准 通顺标准 美的标准 钱钟书：化境
put forward the idea of “Conversion”, which aimed at “perfection” “文学翻译的最高理想可以说是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’。”
用这些标准评判一下下面的翻译，如何改进？
? “I kep it from her arter I heard on it,” said Mr. Peggotty, “going on nigh a year. We was living then
in a solitary place, but among the beautifullest trees, and with the roses a-covering our Bein? to the roof…”
“我听到那消息以后,” 辟果提先生说道,“瞒了她差不多一年。我们当时住在一个僻静的地方。周围有十分美丽的树，屋顶上有蔷薇花 ……”
? It is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.
现在被认为，我们给脑子的工作越多，它们能干的工作就越多。 ? Rubber is not hard; it gives way to pressure. 橡胶不硬，它给压力让路。
7. Literal translation & liberal translation
直译Literal translation Word-for-word translation 意译 liberal translation free translation Translating is the translating of meaning.
Actually, all translation is in this sense 意译。
Successful literal translation adopted as idiomatic Chinese expressions Crocodile tears
Be armed to the teeth chain reaction
gentleman?s agreement
Some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation. 纸老虎 一国两制
Free translation: alternative approach Adam?s apple
at sixes and sevens It rains cats and dogs.
Don?t cross the bridge till you get to it。 Do you see any green in my eye?
?Literal and liberal are relative concepts. There is no absolute literal, nor entirely free
translation in the practice of translation.
1. “It?s an order from President Bush.” “I don?t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.” Version A: “这是布什总统的命令。”“我不在意它来自灌木、树，还是草。” Version B: ……“我才不在乎它来自布什、树木，还是草呢。” Version C: ……“管它什么布什、布头，还是布片呢，与我无关。”
2. But Diana?s champions were overwhelmingly women. Like many of them, she had a heartless husband, in-laws from hell, and fickle boyfriends.
Version A: 可是戴安娜的冠军绝大多数是妇女。像她们中的许多，她有一个无情的丈夫，来自地狱的姻亲，感情易变的男朋友。
Version B: 可是戴安娜的拥护者绝大多数是妇女。和她们中的很多人一样，她有个无情无义的丈夫，地狱般的姻亲，见异思迁的男朋友。
Version C: 可是戴安娜的拥护者绝大多数是妇女。因为她的遭遇和她们中的许多人相似：丈夫无情无义，婆家人蛮不讲理，男友个个负心。