XX大学
（X届）
本科毕业设计（论文）资料
题目名称 ： 年产15万吨纯碱生产车间工艺设计 学院（部） ： 专业 ： 学生姓名 ： 班级 ： 指导教师姓名 ：
学号： 职称：
I
目 录
···················································································································· 1
1.1 纯碱的性质和用途 ········································································································· 1 1.1.1 纯碱的性质 ··············································································································· 1 1.1.2 纯碱的用途 ··············································································································· 1 1.2 纯碱工业的发展史 ········································································································· 2 1.2.1 中国纯碱工业发展史 ······························································································· 2 1.2.2 世界纯碱工业发展及现状 ······················································································· 2 1.3 纯碱的生产方法 ············································································································· 2 1.3.1 侯氏制碱法 ··············································································································· 2 1.3.2 苏尔维制碱法 ··········································································································· 3 1.4 联合制碱法与氨碱法的比较 ························································································· 3
·········································································································· 4
2.1 纯碱工艺的生产原理和工艺概述 ················································································· 4 2.1.1 生产原理和工艺简述 ······························································································· 4 2.1.2 工艺流程 ··················································································································· 4 2.2 生产工艺流程 ················································································································· 5 2.2.1 生产工艺流程 ··········································································································· 5 2.2.2 工艺流程示意图 ······································································································· 6
·········································································································· 7
3.1 联碱法析氨的相图及过程分析 ····················································································· 7 3.2 制碱原则性流程 ············································································································· 7 3.3 物料衡算 ························································································································· 9 3.4 循环过程中的工艺指标 ································································································ 11 3.5 联合法的运作要点 ······································································································· 12 3.5.1 循环系统的水平衡 ································································································· 12 3.5.2 副产品氨水 ············································································································· 13 3.5.3 钙镁杂质对联碱法生产的影响 ············································································· 13
····································································· 14
4.1 碳化塔的选型与计算 ··································································································· 14 4.1.1 外冷式碳化塔的特点 ····························································································· 14 4.1.2 碳化塔内径的计算 ································································································· 15
II
4.2 结晶器的选型 ··············································································································· 15 4.2.1 内循环盐析结晶器 ································································································· 15 4.2.2 结晶器特点 ············································································································· 15 4.3 结晶器尺寸设计 ··········································································································· 15
···································································································· 18
5.1 人员配备 ······················································································································· 18 5.2 车间布置 ······················································································································· 18 5.2.1 厂房的平面布置 ····································································································· 18 5.2.2 厂房的立面布置 ····································································································· 19 5.2.3 厂房的建筑结构 ····································································································· 19 5.2.4 管道布置设计 ········································································································· 19 5.3 安全生产 ······················································································································· 20 5.3.1 安全隐患 ················································································································· 20 5.3.2 安全措施 ················································································································· 20 5.4 环保及三废处理 ··········································································································· 21 5.5 本次毕业设计的意义 ··································································································· 21
··················································································· 22
6.1 主要工艺参数 ··············································································································· 22 6.1.1 产品组成 ················································································································· 22 6.1.2 各主要物料的实际消耗量 ····················································································· 22 6.1.3 工资及各物料的价格 ····························································································· 22 6.1.4 建设期资金投入 ····································································································· 22 6.2 投资估算 ······················································································································· 23
III
1.1 纯碱的性质和用途
纯碱即碳酸钠（Na2CO3），也称苏打或碱灰。 1.1.1 纯碱的性质
碳酸钠的性状为白色粉末或者颗粒，无气味，有碱性，是碱性的盐，有吸湿性，溶
[1]于水和甘油，水溶液呈碱性，pH为11.6，相对密度为2.53，熔点845~852℃。
碳酸钠与水生成Na2CO3·H2O、Na2CO3·7H2O和Na2CO3·10H2O三种水合物，依据颗粒大小、堆积密度的不同依次可分为：超轻质纯碱、轻质纯碱和重质纯碱。 1) 溶解性
碳酸钠易溶于水和甘油，微溶于无水乙醇，不溶于丙醇。碳酸钠是一种强碱弱酸盐，溶于水后发生水解反应（碳酸钠水解会产生碳酸氢钠和氢氧化钠），使溶液显碱性，有一定的腐蚀性，并且能与酸进行复分解反应生成相应的盐并放出二氧化碳气体[1]。 2) 稳定性
碳酸钠稳定性较强，但高温下也会分解，生成氧化钠和二氧化碳气体。长期暴露在空气中能吸收空气中的水分和二氧化碳，生成碳酸氢钠，并结成硬块。吸湿性很强，很容易结成硬块，在高温下也不分解。 1.1.2 纯碱的用途 1) 用作基本化工原料
纯碱用途广泛且需求量大，是重要的基本化工原料。化工生产中经常以纯碱为原料制取其他性质的碱和无机盐等化工产品，例如：以碱的酸化法可以用来制取小苏打；用苛化法制取苛化烧碱；硅砂与纯碱在熔融条件下，可以制取硅酸钠（泡花碱）；以再结晶法可以制取十水碳酸钠（晶碱）；以石灰硫化氢法和硫化钡法，都可以用纯碱来制取硫化碱；以纯碱为原料还可以制取各种含钠盐类；还被用做生产其它化工产品的原料或辅料
[1]
。
2) 用作基本工业原料
纯碱还大量用于冶金工业（如炼铝）、玻璃工业、合成洗涤剂、纺织工业、石油化工、搪瓷、造纸、印染、食品及民用等方面。因此纯碱被称为基本工业原料，在国民经济中占有重要地位，它的产量和用量通常标志着一个国家的工业水平[1]。
1
1.2 纯碱工业的发展史
对中国纯碱工业的发展史和世界纯碱工业的发展和现状进行分析。 1.2.1 中国纯碱工业发展史
中国纯碱工业的发展可分为两个时期，一是天然碱的加工利用，二是现代纯碱工业的建立和发展。天然碱的利用历史悠久，从三代建都河洛时期，就用天然碱。河套平原建郡时，已是天然碱产地。近代制碱工业以采用路布兰法制碱为先，四川最早以芒硝为原料制纯碱。20世纪初天津成立永利制碱公司，采用索尔维法制碱工艺。1921年侯德榜担任永利制碱公司技师，刻苦钻研技术问题，1924年开始生产碱。1926年美国博览会上，永利的红三角牌纯碱获金质奖章，打入国际市场。 1.2.2 世界纯碱工业发展及现状
人类使用碱的历史已有几千年，最早是取自草木灰和天然碱。大规模的工业生产开始于18世纪末，随后法国人路布兰提出以食盐、硫酸、石灰石、煤粉为原料的工业生产纯碱方法，现称路布兰制碱法。随后1861年索尔维发现用食盐水吸收氨和二氧化碳的实验中可以得到碳酸氢钠，他因此而获得了用海盐和石灰石为原料制取纯碱的专利，被称为索尔维制碱法。1939年侯德榜开展改进氨碱法的实验研究，把索尔维制碱工业和合成氨工业联合起来，这种即产纯碱、又产氯化氨的新工艺取得成功，被称为“侯氏制碱法”，现称“联合制碱法”[1]。
世界纯碱工业经历两个世纪的发展，20世纪末期纯碱的总生产能力达44Mt，其中合成法纯碱约30Mt，占68%；天然碱法14Mt，占32%，纯碱产量约35Mt[1]。
1.3 纯碱的生产方法
纯碱的生产方法有很多种，下文主要介绍侯氏制碱法与氨碱法并作简单的比较。 1.3.1 侯氏制碱法
该方法主要采用食盐、氨以及合成氨生产过程中产生的二氧化碳气体为原料，同时生产纯碱和氯化铵，将纯碱和合成氨两大生产系统联合起来，简称“联合制碱”，这种方法使得原料盐的利用率从70%提高到96%。此外，污染环境而且难以处理的废物氯化钙成为有用的产品氯化铵，变废为宝，还能减少设备，因此其优越性大大超过了苏尔维制碱法，从而开创了世界制碱工业的新纪元。
制碱的主要原料是氯化钠，而四川的盐是井盐，提纯造成成本高，并且苏尔维制碱法的缺点就是食盐利用率不高，使成本更高，所以侯德榜不用苏尔维制碱法而另辟蹊径。
他先分析了苏尔维制碱法的缺点，发现主要原因在于原料的利用率过低，只用了石灰石中的碳酸根离子和食盐中的钠，二者结合生成了纯碱，然而石灰中的钙和食盐中的
2