第一课 A private conversation
课文:
Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily they did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. “I can’t hear a word!” I said angrily.
“It’s none of your business”, the young man said rudely, “This is a private conversation!”
*本课重点语法:一般过去时、过去进行时
英语的时态细分共有16种,其中较多用的为9种:
第一课分析其中三种:一般现在时,一般过去时和过去进行时 一般现在时是用来表示: 1. 经常、反复或是习惯性发生的动作,如
I go to work at 0900 every day. 我每天9点钟上班。
She does not take dinner on Sundays. 她周日晚上都不吃晚餐。
2. 某种事物目前存在的情况或状态,如There are 16 cabins available on Classical voyage. 目
前经典号剩余16个舱位。
3. 表示主语的习惯、能力、职业、特征等,如 Sunwen works as a sales manager in Costa, he
has rich experience.
4. 有时间规律发生的事件或是不受时间限制的客观事实,如 The earth moves around the sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
5. 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。Practice makes perfect.
一般现在时的构成:
一般现在时用行为动词的原形,当主语为第三人称单数时( he, she, it, name),动词的词尾要加-S。(一般的动词词尾+S。以sh/ch/s/x结尾的词+es,push wish
touch catch teach fetch fix fax tax wax mix go do miss pass.以辅音字母Y结尾的把Y变成i,+es。辅音字母+o结尾的+es,go do. 一般现在时的疑问句
助动词DO或Does+主语+动词原形+其它成分。如 Do I look okay? 我看起来还行吗? Does she speak English? 她学英语吗? 一般过去时 语语法一般过去时表示过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生了的事情或存在的状态。那么,英语一般过去时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面为您讲解一下。
英
一、定义
一般过去时常与过去时间yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when – clause, in the past连用。 如:What did you do yesterday? 昨天你干了什么? I met Lin Tao this morning. 今天上午我会到了林涛。
I was there a moment ago. 刚才我在那儿 二、 用法说明
1表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。 常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等连用。 如:He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。 What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事? 2在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。
如:We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。 注:表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to 和would。
如:He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他过去经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。 Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难,他都会帮助我们。 3表示主语过去的特征或性格。
如:At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学得很好。 4用在状语从句中表示过去将来。
如:He said he would wait until they came back.
5一般过去时有时可以表示现在,多与 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等动词连用,使语气更委婉。
如:I wondered if you could help me. 不知你能不能帮我一下。 有时用一般过去时也是时态一致的需要。 如:I didn’t know you were here. 没想到你在这里。 注意:
1. 表示一系列的动作,尽管有先后,都用一般过去时,最后两个动词之间用and连结。如: He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared. 他打开门,冲了出去,然后就消失了。
2. 注意在语境中理解“我刚才/原来还不……”。
如:—Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it. —It’s 2566666. 请再说一次你的电话号码,好吗?我刚才没听清楚。是2566666。 三、 一般过去时对谓语动词的要求
一般过去时用动词的过去式构成。即一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式,不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆,规则变化则遵循以下原则:
(1) 一般在动词后加-ed。如:play—played, offer—offered, weigh—weighed, destroy— destroyed, sign—signed.
(2) 在以字母e结尾的动词后,只加-d。如:like—liked, provide—provided, hate — hated, date—dated。
(3) 在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后,则改y为i,再加—ed。如:supply—supplied, fly—flied, study— studied. (from www.yygrammar.com)
(4) 在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾且,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加-ed。如:plan—planned, refer—referred, regret—regretted, ban—banned. 四、特别说明
有些动词的过去时,如:expect, hope, intend, plan, wanted 等一般过去时,后接不定式的完成时;或它们的过去完成时接不定式的一般式,都可表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望。
如:I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. —I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony. 我本希望他来邀请我参加他的婚礼。
I intended to have joined their games. —I had intended to join their games. 我本打算参加他们的比赛。
5.不规则动词过去式:
am,is-was are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said give-gave, get- got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put,
make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, buy-bought swim-swam, sit-sat bring--brought can-could cut-cut
become-became begin-began draw-drew feel-felt find-found forget-forgot hear-heard keep-kept know-knew
learn-learnt (learned) leave-left let-let lose-lost meet-met read-read sleep-slept speak-spoke take-took
teach-taught tell-told write-wrote wake-woke think-thought
过去进行时 过去进行时(Past continous tense):表示过去某时正在进行的动作(不强调是否完成)。主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。
一、常用的时间状语:this morning、the whole morning、all day yesterday、from nine to ten last evening、when、while等等。例如:
1. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. (当我到达山顶的时候,阳光灿烂。 )
2. What was he researching all day last Sunday? (上周日他一整天都在研究什么?) 3. My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.(我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来,受伤了。)
4. It was raining when they left the station.(他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨。 )
二、过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情:时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。例如:
介词短语表示时间点——What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday? (昨天晚上九点她在做什么?)
when从句表示时间点——When I saw him he was decorating his room.(当我看见他的时候他正在装饰房间。)
三、 在复合句中,如果主要动作和背景动作都是延续的或同时发生的,那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时。例如:
两个动作都是延续的——While he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. (他边等车边看报。)
两个动作同时进行——He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.(他擦车时我在做饭。) 四、通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有:agree、be、believe、belong、care、forge、hate、have(拥有)、hear、know、like、love、mean、mind、notice、own、remember、seem、suppose、understand、want、wish等。例如: 误:I was knowing the answer.
正:I knew the answer.(我知道答案。) 五、典型例题:
Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,“玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时
典型例题
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同 时,when表时间的同时性,\玛丽在做衣服时\提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。
2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为\当……之时\。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 \在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。\句中的 fell (fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。 1. Last week I went to the theatre. 上星期我去看戏。
(1)句首的“Last week”点明叙述的事情发生的时间是上星期。因此整篇课文的时态基本上应是过去时(包括过去进行时),直接引语部分的时态除外。
(2)动词go的原义是离开一个地方去另一个地方,与介词to连用后,常加上主语所要去的目的地来代表主语的动作目的。
09. 请注意在以下的短语中名词前通常不加冠词: go to school 上学 go to bed 上床睡觉
go to church 上教堂,去做礼拜 (cf.第1册第68课at school, at church;第1册第85课have been to school/church)
2.had a very good seat 座位很好
seat一般指戏院、汽车等配置的固定座位,也可以抽象地表示“座位”或“位子”的概念: the front seat of a car 汽车的前座 Take a seat, please. 请坐。
3.The play was very interesting. 戏很有意思。
interesting属于现在分词形式的形容词,意思是“使人感兴趣”。 它通常与非人称主语连用或修饰某个事物: This is an interesting book/idea.
这是一本有趣的书/一个令人感兴趣的主意。
4.…were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. ……坐在我的身后,大声地说着话。 这两句的时态为过去进行时。(cf.第7课语法) 5.I got very angry. 我变得非常生气。 get在这里有“逐渐变得”的含义,接近become,是个表示过程的动词,表示状态的变化。而I was very angry则仅表示当时的状态是生气,并不暗示过程。 6.in the end 最后,终于
表示一段较长的时间之后或某种努力之后:
She tried hard to finish her homework by herself. In the end, she had to ask her brother for help.
她试图自已完成家庭作业,但最后她不得不请她兄弟帮忙。 7.none of your business 不关你的事
(1) sb. 's business 某人(所关心的或份内)的事 It is my business to look after your health. 我必须照顾你的身体健康。 This is none of his business. 这根本不关他的事。
(2)表示否定的代词none意义上相当于not any或no one,但语气较强: She kept none of his letters. 他的信件她一封也没有保留。 None of my friends left early. 我的朋友没有一个早离开的。
none of这个短语有时可以表达一种断然、甚至粗暴的口气, 尤其是在祈使句中:
None of your silly remarks! 别说傻话了!
8.a private conversation 私人间的谈话
在西方文化中人们对private(私人的,个人的)这个概念很看重。这个词的名词形式privacy有“隐私(权)”的意思。所以课文中的小伙子会振振有词地说“This is a private conversation!”不过他忘了他是在一个public place(公众场合),而且他们的说话声太大,已经影响了别人。
语法 Grammar in use
新概念英语第二册第一课语法知识
主 语一般为名词、代词或名词短语,通常位于动词之前。动词必须与主语“一致”,所以主语决定动词的单复数形式(如 I am, you are, he has)。宾语一般为名词、代词或名词短语。在主动句中,宾语一般位于动词之后。一个句子不总需要有宾语。状语的位置比较灵活。当一个句子里有一种以上的 副词时,地点副词的一般位置是在方式副词之后、时间副词之前,如上面的最后一个例句。
时间状语可以在句尾,也可以在句首: Last night Lucy went to the theatre. 昨晚露西去剧院看戏了。
I heard a voice at the door just now. 我刚才听到门口有声音。
Sam listened to the story quietly. 萨姆静静地听着故事。 The man ran away quickly. 那人很快跑掉了。(无宾语) 陈述句的成分
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分.英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等.
顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定. 1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当. He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视. 2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征. 一般可分为两类: 1),简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成.