1.非谓语动词的语法功能 所能充当的成分 现在分词 V-ing形式 动名词 不定式(to do) 过去分词(done) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 主语 表语 ● 宾语 宾语(主语)补足语 ● ● ● 定语 插入语(独立成分) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 注:常见作独立成分的非谓语动词
to tell you the truth(实话说),needless to say(不用说),to be honest/frank(老实说,坦白说),to be more exact(更确切地说),to make things worse (更糟的是),not to mention…(更不用说),Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说) 2.非谓语动词的变化形式 非谓语 形式 时态 一般式 不定式 进行式 完成式 完成 进行式 一般式 动名词 现在 分词 完成式 having done 语态 主动 to do to have done to be doing to have been doing doing 被动 to be done to have been done / / being done having been done 构成 复合结构 for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. sb.或doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing sb’s 在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式: sb’s not doing sb’s not having done 在前加not 在“to”前加not 或never 否定式 与动名词变化形式相同 (一)辨别谓语与非谓语
特别注意分析句子的结构才能辨别谓语与非谓语。
①The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. weighs C. weighed D. weighing
【解析】容易误选B或C,将其当成谓语看待。under the age of four and ____ less than 40 pounds用作children
的定语。动词weigh与名词children是主动关系,所以选择weighing。
②______ blood if you can and many lives will be saved. A. Giving B. Give
C. Given D. To give
【解析】如果不注意分析句子结构,会误选A或C项。这是祈使句+and+陈述句的句型。答案B。
(二)非谓语作主语、宾语的重点
1.it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语
第 1页 共 13页
①It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。
②I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。 it作形式主语使用动名词的句型 ①It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。 ②It is fun(a great pleasure, a waste of time)
It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。 2.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语有特殊规定
①I don’t want ____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair. A. to sound
B. to be sounded
C. sounding
D. to have sounded
【解析】want后要跟动词不定式作宾语,sound是连系动词不用被动式,与谓语动词没有时间的先后,故
不可用它的完成式。答案A。
类似的知识点要记牢。如:help, hope, ask, refuse, decide, promise, wish, pretend, expect, arrange, learn,
plan, demand, dare, manage, agree, prepare, fail, determine, offer, choose, desire, elect, long等动词后要用动词不定式作宾语。
②It is difficult to imagine his ________the decision without any consideration.
A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted 【解析】imagine要求用动名词作宾语。答案B。
类似的知识点要记牢。下列常见的这些动词(组)后要用动词动名词作宾语 suggest, risk, devote oneself to(建议冒险去献身)
finish, imagine, bear/stand, look forward to(完成想象忍盼望) give up, delay/put off, regret, miss(放弃延期悔失去)
insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice(坚持欣赏要实践) pay attention to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to(注意原谅逃/避反对) keep, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind(保持习惯勿介意) be worth, set about/burst out/get down to, be busy(值得开始将忙乎) 3.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语意义不同
In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____for another hour. A. waiting
B. to wait C. wait
D. to be waiting
【解析】此题意为“在英国的一些地方,如果错过了公交车就意味着再等一个小时。”mean doing sth 意为
“意味着什么”,mean to do sth 意为“试图、打算做什么”。答案A。 类似的知识点要记牢。
①动词本身意义不变,跟不定式和动名词意义不同
remember to do sth. 记住要做 remember doing sth.记得过去做过 forget to do sth. 忘了已做过的事 forget doing sth. 忘记要做某事
②动词本身意义改变,跟不定式和动名词意义不同 regret to do sth.对马上要或不做的事表示遗憾 regret doing sth.对已发生的事表示遗憾或后悔 mean to do sth.打算,想要 mean doing 意味着,意思是
第 2页 共 13页
try to do sth. 努力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试做某事
can’t help doing sth.情不自禁,忍不住 can’t help (to) do sth.不能帮忙做某事 be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事
③动词本身意义不变,跟不定式被动式和动名词意义相同
want,need,require接动名词表示被动意义,接不定式就要用被动式,这时主语与动名词之间为动宾关系
These young trees require looking after(=to be looked after). The matter needs thinking over(=to be thought over). ④下列动词跟动词不定式做目的状语,跟动名词作宾语 stop to do停下来,要做另一件事(不定式作目的状语) stop doing停止做(动名词作宾语)
go on to do接着做另一件事(不定式作目的状语) go on doing继续做同一件事(动名词作宾语)
4.有些动词后要用“疑问词+不定式”结构作复合宾语
It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _____.
A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 【解析】本题考查“疑问词+不定式”和动词短语 do with 的用法。答案C。
(三)非谓语作表语的重点
①不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语,含义是回答主语“是什么”;分词作表语相当于形容词作表语,含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。
Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。 The music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。 This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world. 这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。
②现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征,过去分词说明主语的状态。如:
This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。(说明狗的特征) This dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。(说明狗的心理状态) Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a day's climbing.
爬山是累人的,爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。(tiring说明climbing的特征,tired说明我们的状态) 注意:在下列句中,非谓语动词具体的语法功能
What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales. 他想建议的是降价促销。(不定式作表语,说明主语“是什么”) My American teacher is to leave China soon.
我的美国老师即将离开中国。(不定式作表语,表示将来)
Her work is taking care of the children.她的工作是照顾小孩。(现在分词作表语,说明主语“是什么”) She is taking care of the children.她在照料小孩。(构成进行时,说明主语正在执行的动作)
第 3页 共 13页
The cup is broken.杯子碎了。(过去分词作表语,说明主语所处的状态)
The cup was broken by Peter.杯子是被彼得打坏的。(构成被动语态,说明主语是动作的承受者)
(四)非谓语作宾语补足语的重点
1.理解下表中所列的关系 非谓语 不定式 现在分词 过去分词 与宾语的逻辑关系 主动关系 主动关系 被动关系 与谓语动作的时间关系 ①在谓语动词后发生 ②不带to的不定式表示动作的全过程 同时进行 动作已经完成或表示状态 When I came in, I saw her dancing happily. (主动进行) I saw him go to the cinema.(主动,全过程) We heard her singing next door.(主动进行)
We heard the song sung by her next door. (被动完成) We heard the song being sung next door. (被动进行) 2.下列动词和短语必须以用不定式作宾语补足语
wish, want, ask, require/request, order, warn, allow/permit, forbid, expect, remind, encourage, inspire, call on, depend on
注意:advise/allow/permit/forbid +宾语+不定式作宾语补足语
advise/allow/permit/forbid +动名词作宾语时 ①What did the librarian _____ out of the library? A. permit to take
B. forbid to be taken D. insist being taken B. smoking…to smoke D. smoking…smoking
C. allow to take
②I don’t allow ______ in my office and I don’t allow my family ______ at all. A. to smoke…smoking C. to smoke…to smoke 答案:BB
3. 在think, consider, find等动词后常用to be +adj. 结构作宾语补足语,有时to be省略。
We all discover him (to be) kind and honest. 4.几个特别的结构
▲have+宾语+do/doing/done
①“ have + 宾语+ do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词,宾语后的 do sth 是不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。
The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。
②“have +宾语+ doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语,表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系,且动作正在进行。 Don’t have the dog barking much, Lilin. 李林,别让狗狂吠不停。
③“ have + 宾语+done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了??,此时,主语是无意中的受害者,而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语,说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。
We had the machine mended just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。 He had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。 ▲get+宾语+to do/doing/done
第 4页 共 13页
三种结构的意义请参看上述“have+宾语+do/doing/done”的意义解释。 He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗? Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 ▲catch sb. doing sth逮住某人干某事
If she catches me reading her diary, she’ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记,她会愤怒的。 ▲make + oneself + done
oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系,或者说是被动关系
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。
(五)非谓语作定语的重点
1.理解下表中所列的关系 分类 形式 to do to be done 现在 分词 过去 分词 doing being done done 与被修饰词的逻辑关系 动宾关系 不定式 “the last/next/first...” 后常接不定式作定语,表示主谓关系 被动关系 主动关系 被动关系 被动关系 与谓语动作的时间关系 在谓语动作后发生 在谓语动作前或者后发生 在谓语动作后发生 与谓语动作同时进行 与谓语动作同时进行 在谓语动作之前发生 存在的状态或情况 It is a good chance to practice your spoken English.这是练习你的口语的好机会。 He was the last one to leave the office. 他是最后一个离开办公室的。
The woman standing over there is our English teacher.站在那边的那个妇女是我们的英语老师。
The house to be built (=which will be built/which is to be built) next year will be our new library.(将要建的) The house being built (=which is being built) now will be our new library.(正在建的) The house built (=which was built) last year is our new library now.(已经建成的) I like reading books written by Lu Xun.我喜欢读鲁迅写的小说。 2.动词不定式尾后的介词不能丢
When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ______. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to
【解析】该题中须用不定式短语作后置定语,排除B 和D;答案A中,没有to就意味着是把George 这个人
打发走。本句意思是将该报告送给这个人—George, it 指这个报告,因此to不能少。答案C。
(六)非谓语作状语的重点
1.理解下表中所列的关系 非谓语 doing(一般式)作状语 having done(完成式) 作状语 having been done(完成被动式)作状语 done(过去分词)作状语 与逻辑主语(即句子的主语)的关系 主动关系 主动关系 被动关系 被动关系 第 5页 共 13页
与谓语动作的时间关系 (几乎)与谓语动作同时进行 先于谓语动作发生 先于谓语动作发生 已经在过去发生或是 不十分强调时间概念