Waiting (=When I was waiting) to see the doctor, I met with a friend of mine. Having (=Because we have) made full preparations, we are sure to be successful.
Having been shown around(=After we had been shown) the library, we were then taken to see the laboratory. Seen (=When the town is seen) from the hill, the town looks more beautiful.
Locked (=When he was locked) up in the room, he found himself isolated from the outer world. 2.too…to…, enough to do…, only to…等结构表示结果 The boy is too young to join the navy.这男孩太小参不了海军。
The hall is big enough to hold 1,000 people. 这厅大得足以容纳一千人。
They lift a rock only to drop it on their own feet他们搬起石头结果却砸了自己的脚。
注意：动词作结果作状语表示未曾预料的结果，而现在分词作结果状语表示自然而然或必然的结果。
Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay.
3.分词（短语）作状语的附着规则
使用分词（短语）作句子状语时，有一条规则必须遵守：即分词（短语）的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是错句。
_____from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see
【解析】此处是非谓语动词做状语，逻辑主语是句子的主语，非谓语动词与逻辑主语是被动关系，用过去分
词。答案A。
对比：Seeing from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. 主要：已经成为固定用法的非谓语动词（短语）不需要遵守这条附着规则
常见的的有：considering…(鉴于/考虑到??)，judging by/from…(从??来看，依据??来判断)，supposing that…(假定??)，providing that… (假定??)，according to…(依据??)，including…(包括??)，owing to…(由于??)，talking/speaking of…(谈及??)
given…(考虑到??), provided that…(如果??) 4.独立主格结构和with复合结构
▲逻辑主语+不定式/现在分词/过去分词
I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 今天我先给你寄100美元。其余的钱一年内陆续寄过去。 Weather permitting, I’ll go to the park with my parents on Sunday. 如果天气允许，星期天我将和爸妈去公园。
All things considered, the planned trip will have to be called off. 考虑到所有的情况，原来计划好的旅行不得不取消。 ▲with(without)+宾语+不定式/现在分词/过去分词
With a lot of difficult problems to settle ,the newly —elected president is having a hard time. 有很多难题要解决新任总统日子可不好过！
Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。
The Yangtze river is very busy with so many boats and ships coming and going every day. 每天长江上各种船只来来往往显得格外忙碌。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不另给我们时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。
With everything well arranged, he left the office.一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。
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（七）不定式的省略
不定式的省略我们可以分作两种，一种是对不定式符号“to”的省略（如：make sb. do sth等）；另一种则是不定式符号“ to ”后省略实义动词的形式。这儿讲的是第二种情况（又称不定式符号to的替代作用）。
常见情形有：
①would/should like/love to, used to, have to, ought to, be going to, be able to, be willing to 等后面的to均 为不定式符号，重复时可省略to后该不定式短语。如： — Could you lend me your dictionary? 能把你的词典借给我吗？ — I’d like to (lend you my dictionary). 行。
②动词afford, agree, expect, forget, hope, intend, manage, need, pretend, refuse, try, want, wish等后面常 接不定式短语作宾语，重复时可省略to后该宾语。如：
You may ask him for help if you want to (ask him for help). 如果你愿意，可以请他帮你。
③动词allow, beg, expect, forbid, force, invite, order, permit, tell, persuade等后面常接不定式短语作宾语 补足语，重复时可省略to后该宾语补足语。如：
I’ll go to her birthday party if she invites me to (go to her birthday party). 如果她邀请我参加她的生日聚会，我会去。
（八）非谓语动词的逻辑主语
一般说来非谓语动词的逻辑主语要么就是句子的主语或宾语，要么就是被它所修饰的中心词。但是有时需要明确非谓语动词所表示动作的执行者或承受者，这时就要标明它的逻辑主语。
①当动名词短语作主语、宾语或表语时，具有名词特性，其逻辑主语由“名词所有格或形容词性物主代词”表示，放在动名词短语之前。当动名词短语不在句首时，也可由“名词普通格或代词宾 格”表示。
Helen’s/Her being absent made the teacher very angry. 海伦/她没来上课，让老师很生气。 They insisted on my/me speaking at the meeting. 他们坚持要我在会上发言。 ②形容词+for + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式
形容词通常表示事物的性质
It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.你们有必要在星期五前做完这项工作。 His idea is for us to travel in different cars.他的主意是让我们乘不同的车去旅游。 ③形容词+of+ 名词或代词 + 动词不定式 形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征
How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase! 他真不小心，把如此贵重的花瓶打破了。
It’s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby! 你真勇敢，冲进着火的大楼里救这个婴儿
（九）关于there be 的非谓语形式
there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语
1.作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为：expect，like，mean，intend，want，prefer，hate等，如：
We don't want there to be any comrades lagging behind.我们不希望有任何同志掉队。 They hate there to be long queues everywhere..他们不愿意处处都要排长队。 We have no objection to there being a meeting here．我们并不反对在这里开会。 2.作状语多用there being结构，但若置于介词for之后要用there to be
There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself．由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语) It’s too early for there to be anybody up．太早了，还不会有人起床。(作程度状语)
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There having been no rain for a long time，the ground was very dry. 因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语) 3.作主语时两种结构都可以，但如是用for引导则要用there to be.
It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and young. 老人与年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。
There being a kindergarten on campus is a great convenience to female teachers. 校园内有幼儿园对女教师十分方便。
Please do me a favor — ______ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight. A. to invite
B. inviting
C. invite
D. invited
【解析】答案为C。该题目把祈使句，非谓语动词以及破折号的作用综合到一起来进行考察查。句意：请帮我个
忙——邀请我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7点半到青年剧院。破折号后是一个祈使句。
1.作宾语时的区别
①I can’t stand _____ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses______ talking while she works. A. working , stopping B. to work, stopping C. working, to stop ②Isn't it time you got down to______ the papers? A. mark B. be marked
是主动关系。
③There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need _______. A. that, to be improved C. where, improving
B. which , to be improved D. when, improving
C. being marked
D. marking
【解析】答案为D。 “got down to”中的“to”是介词因而要用动名词作宾语，而动名词“marking”与其逻辑主语“you”
【解析】答案为C。stand在这里表示“忍受”，后面要求用动名词作宾语，而“refuse”要用不定式作宾语。
D. to work , to stop
【解析】答案为A。因为“公路状况需要改善”，“need”后接“improving”或“to be improved”都可以。后面的从句
应是“problem”的同位语，应用“that”引导。
④Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried home.? A. living
B. to live?
C. to be living D. having lived
【解析】答案为A。try doing sth.意为“试着做某事”；try to do sth. 意为“尽力去做某事”。句意：苏姗不想依赖
父母。她试着一个人生活，但不喜欢这样，又搬回家去了。
⑤All the staff in our company are considering______ to the city centre for the fashion show. A. to go
B. going
C. to have gone
D. having gone
【解析】答案为B。consider doing意为“考虑做某事”。
alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back
2.作表语时的区别
①Tom sounds very much ______ in the job, but I’m not sure whether he can manage it. A. interested
B. interesting
C. interestingly
D. interestedly
【解析】答案为A。“sound”是连系动词，应使用形容词化的分词作表语。C、D 备选项都是副词，应排除。
“interest”的现在分词表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人感兴趣的”；过去分词表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感兴趣的”。
②Please remain
;the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
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A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated
【解析】答案为B。“seat”是及物动词，“be seated=sit down”。此处“seated=sitting”。“remain seated”
保持坐着的状态。句意为：请各位在座位上坐着；获奖者很快就会宣布的。
3.作宾语（主语）补足语时的区别
①The teacher asked us _________so much noise. A. don’t make
B. not make
C. not making
D. not to make
【解析】答案为D。在动词“ask”后面用不定式作宾语补足语，其否定形式是“not to do”。 ②—Excuse me sir, where is Room 301?
—Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ____you to your room. A. show
B. shows
C. to show
D. showing
③A
cook will be immediately fired if he was found ________in kitchen. A. smoke
B. smoking
C. to smoke
D. smoked
【解析】答案为B。“find”后接现在分词作主语补足语。此句中“smoking” 是主语“he”的补足语, 所以称
为主语补足语。表示主动的正在发生的事。根据“immediately”可判断出“厨师当场被发现在厨房吸烟会被立即开除”。
④To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English A. speak
B. speaking
C. spoken
as much as we can. D. to speak
【解析】答案为C。此处考查“hear+宾语+do/doing/done”的结构。因为“English”是“被说”，故用过去分
词（spoken）作宾补，表示被动。
4.作后置定语时的区别
①If there is a lot of work _______, I’m happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do
B. to be doing
C. done
D. doing
【解析】答案为A。“work”和“do”虽然存在逻辑上的动宾关系，但主语“I”和“do”存在逻辑上的主谓关
系，此时用“to do”做后置定语。
②When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person ______. A. to send B. for sending it
C. to send it to
D. for sending it to
【解析】答案为C。该题中须用不定式短语作后置定语，排除B 和D选项；答案A项意为“送乔治这个人走”，
显然不符合题意。而应该是将报告送给“乔治这个人”才符合题意。“it”指这个报告。后面的介词“to”不能少。
③—The last one ___________ pays the meal. —Agreed! A. arrived
B. arrives
C. to arrive
D. arriving
【解析】答案为C。“the last/next/first...” 后常接不定式作定语。 ④The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ______in Beijing in 2008. A. hold
B. holding
C. held
D. to be held
【解析】答案为D。非谓语动词作后置定语的三种情况：the meeting to be held意为“即将召开的会议”；the
meeting held意为“已经召开的会议”；the meeting being held是“正在召开的会议”的意思。很显然当时（2006年）“the 29th Olympic Games”还没有召开，故选D项。
⑤Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures ______ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form
B. form
C. forming
D. having formed
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【解析】答案为C。根据本题提供的语境，“看书时有画面在大脑中形成。”而句中有谓语“there are ”，
所以本应填非谓语动词，可排除B项。又因为“看书的同时就会形成”，排除A、D选项，故 选C项作定语。
⑥At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ____ could be heard outside the classroom. A. opened and closed C. being opened and closed
B. to be opened and closed D. to open and close
【解析】答案为C。参看上面的例④。
⑦The Town Hall ______ in the 1800’s was the most distinguished building at that time. A. to be completed C. completed ⑧—Can those A. seat
B. having been completed D. being completed
【解析】答案为C。参看上面例④的简析。
at the back of the classroom hear me??—No problem. B. sit
C. seated
D. sat
【解析】答案为C。“sit”为不及物动词，可用“sitting”作定语；“seat”为及物动词，常与反身代词连用或用“be seated”
形式。这里“seat”与“those”构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用其过去分词作定语=those who are seated…。
5.作状语时的区别
①He hurried to the booking office only _____ that all the tickets has been sold out. A. to be told B. to tell
C. told
D. telling
【解析】答案为A。“only”后接不定式表示出人意料的结果。
②Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, ______ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching
然结果“达到??记录” 。
③The storm left ,_____ a lot of damage to this area .
A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause
D. having caused
【解析】答案为D。因“The storm”与“cause”存在逻辑上的主动关系，故排除选项A；不定式作状语，前面通常
不用逗号，排除B、C选项；因暴风雨给这个地区“造成损失”是在“结束”之前, 所以用完成式。
④“You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, _________ away. A. run ⑤
B. running
C. to run
D. ran
【解析】答案为B。“running away”在此作“shouted”的伴随状语, 由珍妮特发出这一动作, 故用现在分词。
to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
B. Failed?
C. To fail
D. Having failed
A. Fail
C. to reach
D. to be reaching
【解析】答案为B。从句意来分析, 主句部分表示油价上涨了百分之三十二，逗号后面的内容为油价上涨后的必
【解析】答案为D。非谓语动词与主语构成主谓关系。且“没有打动电话”在“发电子邮件” 前已经发生。用
现在分词主动式的完成式作时间状语。
⑥
around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
B. To be shown
C. Having been shown D. To show
A. Having shown
【解析】答案为C。“show”与“take”之间有明显的时间先后关系，且句子的主语与“show”构成逻辑上的动宾关
系，故该空格处用完成式的被动形式。
⑦_____ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress
C. Dressing
D. Having dressed
【解析】答案为A。“dress”是及物动词，其用法为“dress sb./oneself（表动作）、be dressed in（表状态）”。
“dress”与“he”之间存在逻辑上的被动关系, 故用过去分词。
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