高中英语语法独立主格结构 【一】概述
1.独立主格结构的概念： 非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但
有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction） 其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。 e.g.: Given more time,I can finish the work.（非谓语动词） The guide leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the forest.（独立主格）
注意：如何区分非谓语动词中分词结构 与 独立主格结构 作状语
（1）若句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓，动宾关系时，该状语 则用非谓语动词中分词结构或者状语从句表示.
Defeated by his desk mate,he felt discouraged.
(2) 若句子主语与该状语内部动词之间没有有（不存在）逻辑上的主谓，动宾关系时，且 状语内有自己的逻辑主语，则用独立主格结构或者状语从句表示.
Time permitting,we’d better have a rest at this weekend.（独立） =if time permits,we’d better have a rest at this weekend. （状语从句）
(permit与主语we 之间不存在动宾，主谓关系，time permitting 中time 就是permit的逻辑主语，中间省略了being.故只能用独立主格结构）
2独立主格结构有两种形式：
（1）由名词/主格代词+ 形容词，副词，介词短语，非谓语动词（不定式，分词 ，动名词 ）连在一起构成。
(2)介词with/without+名词或代词+形容词，副词，介词短语，非谓语动词（不定式，分词 ，动名词 ）连在一起构成。
3.独立主格结构的特点：
在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。 具有以下特点：
（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。 （2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。 （3）主要用于书面语。
（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。 （5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
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【二】独立主格结构的构成
1.名词或代词+名词/名词或代词＋ being ＋名词(表补充说明)
Many people come to visit the great wall every year,most of
them (being)foreigners.
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。
① He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his only weapon (= and a stick was his only weapon). 他和这个贼打斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。
③ It being Sunday (=As it was Sunday), I didn’t go to school.（句中的being不
能省略）
因为是星期天，我没有上课 注意：也可写成：“名词或代词＋ being ＋名词”，（其是独立主格结构
中的“名词/代词+动词-ing（现在分词）形式”的一种形式。）
其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略.
但 being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：（补充） ① 是在“There being + 名词”结构中. ② 是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。
2.名词/代词+现在分词 （表示主动含义和动作正在进行）
名词/代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
① Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.
天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。 (表示条件)
② Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green. 春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间)
③ It being Sunday (= As it was Sunday), they had no classes. 由于是星期天，他们不上课。(表示原因，此时being不能省略) ④ Mother being ill (= Because mother was ill), I have to stay home to look after her.
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妈妈病了, 我只好在家照顾他。(表示原因)
⑤ There being no bus (= Because there was no bus), we had to walk home. 因为没有公共汽车，我们只好步行回家。(表示原因) 注意：
（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/代词+having done”的形式，
含义为“……已经……”。例如：
The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home. 学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。
（2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”,则用“名词/主格代词+being done”
的形式,being不能省略。例如： Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep. 当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。
3.名词/代词+过去分词 （表示被动含义和动作的完成）
名词/代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。
① The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started. 发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间)
② Their strength exhausted (= Because their strength was exhausted), they sank
down one by one. 他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因)
③ All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of
greater value than yours. 若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件） ④ He sat silently, eyes closed (= and his eyes were closed) . 他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式）
注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/代词+having
been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如： The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop. 工作完成以后，他离开了车间。
4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词 （表示状态或特征）
形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质特征及所处状态。在该结构中，形容词或副词前其实省略了being.
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① Everything (being) ready (= When everything was ready), they started out.
一切准备停当，他们开始出发。（表示时间）
② The children were making a snowman, hands (being) red with cold. (= and their hands were red with cold)
孩子们在对雪人，手都冻红了。（表示伴随状况）
③ The meeting (being) over (= When the meeting was over), the students were
dismissed.
会议结束，学生们解散了。（表示时间）
5.名词/主格代词+不定式 （多表示将来含义，有时也表示过去含义）
(1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上
的主谓关系，此时不定式用主动形式(to do)。 ① The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed. 有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义）
② He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets (= and he himself bought the tickets).
他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）
(2) 如果名词/主格代词与不定式构成被动关系, 此时不定式用被动形式(to
be done)。
The meeting to be held tomorrow (= Because the meeting is to be held
tomorrow)，we must catch the first bus. 因为会议明天要被召开，所以我们必须赶上第一班汽车。（表示原因） 6.名词/主格代词 + 介词短语（表示状态或特征）
介词短语常用来说明名词或主格代词的特征或所处的状态。
① The old man sat in the chair, book in hand and pipe in mouth (= and a book was in his hand and a pipe was in his mouth). 老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。（表示伴随状况） ② The old farmer came back, a large basket on his shoulder (= and a large basket was on his shoulder). 老农回来，一个大筐扛在肩上。（表示伴随状况） 注意：在该结构中，介词前后的名词前都可以加上限定词，也可以都不加。不加限定词时，介词前后的名词一般用单数形式。例如： He entered the classroom, hat on head. 他进入教室，帽子戴在头上。 【二 】1-5 CBDAA 6-9DCCB
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【二】习题
1.The lecture ______, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. began B. beginning C. having begun D. being beginning 2.Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets.
A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set 3. A new technique ______, the production increased by 20 percent.
A. to have been worked out B. having worked out C. working out D. having been worked out 4. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears ______, alert, listening. A. pointed B. pointing C. are pointed D. are pointing 5. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work ______, we didn’t accept the offer.
A. not being finished B. not having finished C. had not been finished D. was not finished 6. There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).
A. has B. had C. to have D. having 7. The old man stood under a big tree, ______.
A. a pipe in mouth B. with a pipe in mouth
C. pipe in mouth D. pipe in his mouth 8. ________, all the students ran out of the classroom.
A. Class was over B. Class is over C. Class over D. When class over 9. He was lying on the grass, his hands________ under his head.
A. crossing B. crossed C. was crossing D. were crossed
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