沈阳农业大学硕士学位论文
Abstract
TheAdvantages of film covering technology is obvious, playing an important role in crop production, but with the development of a common single polyethylene plastic filmed and widely used, it is not easy to be microbial degradation brought a series of side effects. In view of the disadvantages of plastic film mulching, emerge as the times require paper not only inherits the advantages of plastic mulch film has good heat insulation, water conservation and weed control effect, the residual natural degradation, not even in paddy field. Artificial labor intensity of paper film, labor efficiency is low also easily in the process of laying on the \of paper mulching effect, design of mechanical operation of rice paper mulch transplanter imminent
Development of rice paper film transplanting machine is to solve the artificial paper film problems. In the development and testing process, paper film rice transplanter appeared problems of roller supporting the lack of rigidity of arm deformation, bearing diaphragm mud blocking and serious, connection of transplanting effect of machine vibration life. This paper is to cover the basic transplanter in rice paper film on the design is completed, found in the development and testing of process design defects, can not meet the demand of the improvement of production structure, can not meet the field operation of replacement parts, improve paper film rice transplanter function.
Roller support arm is machine design is all roller wheels are respectively installed on the bending rectangular plate, there is no good flexural capacity, at the stress concentration position of serious deformation, improve the roller support arm should not only meet the original functions include: Mount roller, roller bearing force of mud and water on the the, also not under stress of serious deformation or rupture, simple structure, convenient installation. This design of the square steel tube as material will all roller and bearing plate mounted on the same roller support arm support platform. Carries on the analysis to meet the normal work at the same time beyond the normal working stress is not within the scope of certain deformation by SOLIDWORKS SimulationXpress on the roller design support arm. Paper film bearing plate in the whole paper film shop played the role of connecting link mechanism, not only with the film spreading plate will paper film flattening can also be water field uneven sludge shoe flat, the original machine bearing film plate along the designed step-like easily in rice transplanter and advance the process of accumulation of silt Pu rice transplanter operations, will take the film plate along the designed into arc can avoid silt accumulation of silt accumulation, effects of the arc by different radius and different speed of transition plate
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英文摘要
load test. The test results show that: the arc transition plate radius may not influence the test index factors; the important factors affecting the test index of mud blocking quantity is a bearing plate speed, followed by the film plate load. In the transplanting machine running and operation process of laying mechanism in paper roll stand strongly influenced by transplanting machine vibration, which is induced by the frame structure, this paper improved the frame size, frame fixed position change reduces the vibration of a machine frame swing, reduces the influence of vibration on the fixed point. Paddy field working environment is very bad, the field working with large amounts of sediment will invade the internal bearings, and slurry also has certain effect on the bearing corrosion. Bearing selection must meet the requirements of agricultural machinery production, raw rice transplanter bearing no good sealing, silt into the bearing ball bearing work around reduce bearing life, roller bearing must be selected with a bearing self-aligning function and good sealing. Laying mechanism of roller wheel to rotate slower bearing selection can meet the requirements of a deep groove ball bearing sealing ring.
The film comparative test results show that: the paper film before and after the improvement of rice transplanter breakage rate is rising as speed increases, but at a certain speed range before the improvement result is better than the improved, the normal machine speed improved paper film rate index are better than before improvement, this is because the bearing improved membrane plate is in circular arc transition can not only reduce the mud blocking phenomenon will unfold the paper and film more smooth. In the paper the membrane damage under different loading conditions and the rate of paper film rate after improvement is also slightly better than before improvement, the improved rice transplanter work more stable, more applicable. After the improvement of the prototype of the paper film slip ratio test results show that the effect of slip rate, between paper film most significant film spreading roller and bearing plate pressing force, the clamping force rise, paper film slip rate is on the rise; second is speed machinery along with forward speed, paper film slip also has rise trend. Film spreading roller and roller vertical distance is less than the first two factors influence.
This paper provides the design basis for the future implementation of product design, as the ultimate rice transplanter published paper film foundation.
Keywords: Film planting;Improvement;Fitting rate;Broken rate;Slip rate
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沈阳农业大学硕士学位论文
第一章 绪 论
1.1 课题研究背景及意义
水稻作为我国最重要的粮食作物之一，水稻插秧种植技术就来源于我国精耕细作的生产传统。但依靠人工插秧，不但工作环境较差，劳动强度很大，作业效率也非常低。当水稻插秧机的问世极大改善了这些不利状况，发展了生产力，提高作业劳动效率。有资料显示用插秧机插秧的增产效果为5%~10%，有关部门预计，如果我国插秧机械化水平每提高百分之一，水稻每年将增产3.75亿kg。水稻插秧机的普遍应用已使农业生产取得巨大飞跃，促进国民经济总体增长提高农民收入。
为了保护环境、生产有机稻米和节约水资源。近年来，出现了一种名为纸膜覆盖插秧的全新水稻种植技术，这项技术主要是利用秸秆及废旧纸张等生产出农用纸膜铺盖在水田表面，再将培育好的秧苗透过纸膜插在泥水中。纸膜会为秧苗营造一个能抑制杂草生长，减少水分蒸发，维持水田温度适于水稻生长的环境，纸膜在田间40天左右腐烂。传统的人工铺膜插秧作业，在插秧、铺膜的过程中，行走会留下“脚窝”造成纸膜局部悬空，无法使得纸膜与水田很好贴合。随着水稻生长，长时间的日晒，未紧密贴合于泥水的部分纸膜先于周围纸膜干燥。形成局部的张力破裂，影响其控草节水保温的作用发挥。为降低劳动强度、提高作业效率，充分利用纸膜覆盖插秧技术的优点。以插秧机作为平台，实现铺膜插秧同步机械化十分必要。
该课题是国家自然科学基金项目“水稻纸膜覆盖插秧机覆膜机理研究”的一部分，本论文是在纸膜覆盖插秧机铺盖插秧机初步设计完成基础上，进行的改进与优化。
1.2 水稻插秧种植机械化国内外现状
插秧作为目前我国水稻种植的主要手段，长久以来都是以人工水田插秧作业，这种插秧作业方式不但工作条件十分艰苦，劳动效率低下，对人体力消耗强烈。常规育秧人工插秧最熟练的农民每人每天最快只能插667m2的水田。水稻插秧机的问世后，即便最小型的插秧机（如东洋PF455S）每小时可插秧1334～2001m2，是人工插秧的20～30倍，高速插秧机每小时可插秧4669～6670m2，最高的可达每小时10000m2。并且夜间也可以作业，有效地改善了这种相对原始的作业方式。近年来，国内外水稻插秧机械研究和机械化水平不断提高，插秧机种植面积占整体种植比例也不断增加。 1.2.1 国内外水稻插秧种植机械化发展现状
水稻插秧种植方式主要集中在亚洲，研发生产中心也都位于亚洲，其中是以日本与
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第一章 绪论
韩国为代表。目前日本是世界水稻插秧机械化水平最高的地区。上世纪60年代,日本是在我国研究水稻插秧机基础上，结合对水稻栽培农艺的研究，注重农机与农艺相结合，将育苗到插秧的整个栽培过程考虑进去，解决了带土秧苗的插秧农艺问题，并首先提出并实现了流水线育秧作业，为插秧机的使用提供了配套的秧苗。将插秧机结构的优化，减低了插秧机的造价，水稻插秧机作业效率和可靠性的显著提高，使得日本的水稻种植机械化水平得以迅速进步，到70年代末，水稻机械化插秧种植面积已超过全国水稻种植面积的90%。80年代，日本全国总体上建成了统一的水稻栽培模式；育苗、插秧机械已实现了系列化、标准化，水稻种植机械化水平有了进一步提高，达到98%，居世界首位。韩国也基本实现全国范围的水稻插秧机械化。
水稻是我国主要的粮食作物之一。1996年水稻种植面积约3140.6万hm2，占全国谷物种植面积的34%，世界水稻种植面积的21.0%;稻谷总产19510.2万t，占全国粮食总产的43%，世界稻谷总产的35.7%，居世界第1位。稻谷平均单产6.212t/hm2，是我国粮食作物中单产最高的作物，高于世界稻谷平均单产近1倍，位居世界前列。由此可见，水稻在我国粮食生产中占有非常重要的地位，对世界水稻生产也有重大的影响，我国水稻种植机械化发展方向，具有深远的意义。相比之下，我国水稻种植机械化发展相对滞后，直至90年代，我国水稻机械化水平不足5%，在新的世纪来临之际，国家开始重视农业生产的投入，尤其是水稻种植机械化的投入，2008年，农业部加大力度发展水稻育插秧机械化，在水稻产区建设了100个水稻机械化示范县，带动全国水稻育、插秧机械化技术推广应用。各省市建立了370个省级示范县，建立6000机械化示范点个，地方财政投入资金8900万元补贴并开展配套项目，极大调动农民的积极性，水稻种植农民共投入资金2.9亿元。计划实施共涉及80多万农户，项目区新增插秧机1.9万台，机插秧面积2.64×
105hm2，节约成本增加效益总计达到2亿元，取得了显著成效，为机插秧的大面积普及推广奠定了坚实基础。2008年全国机插秧面积新增5.33×105hm2，机械化栽植水平比去年提升了2个多百分点，超过13%，其中机插秧水平达到10.3%，比上年提高1.7个百分点。全国新增机动插秧机近5万台，增长32%，保有量已达20万台。总体上看，水稻育、插秧机械化技术在水稻产区示范推广全面启动，进入了快速发展阶段。直至2012年水稻插秧机械化水平超过21%,正稳步提高向全国普及。 1.2.2 水稻育插机械研究状况
我国水稻插秧机械发展较早，1953年，原华东农业科学研究所将水稻插秧机的研究
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图 1-1 水稻插秧机械作业
Fig.1-1 The rice transplanting
machine working
沈阳农业大学硕士学位论文
列为正式科研项目。当时水稻插秧机具在国内外都是一项空白,所以研究工作必须从头做起。1956年二月设计成一台单行供整体田间试验用的插秧机,命名为“南—100”。后又改进生产了“南—105”的等机型，1972年十月江苏省机械局组织清江拖拉机厂科研人员。设计成“钟山—2”型大小苗两用机动插秧机，当时这项技术处于世界领先水平。近年来,在国内插秧机市场需求下，引进和自主开发的产品发展很快已初步克服了品种单一的缺陷。国内插秧机行距为240和300，主要有步行式、乘坐式独轮乘坐式3种类型。
日本在水稻插秧机械研究与发展一直处于世界领先，1970年设计完成的2轮苗箱后倾浮筒式毯状苗手扶插秧机，是现代两行插秧机的原型。1972～1973年有11种型号的插秧机通过农机研究所的鉴定，具有插毯状苗、浮筒滑行、曲柄式插秧机构强制插秧特点的日本型插秧机被定型。而今，日本育插机械已发展成结构标准
图 1-2 水稻插秧机械
Fig.1-2 The rice transplanting machine
化、产品系列化和功能多样化的格局。乘坐式有3～10行，手扶步进式有1、2、4、6行，每种产品各具特色，适应于不同的环境条件和生产规模，满足不同用户的需要。使得日本全国实现了水稻插秧机械化。韩国在几十年的发展过程中，水稻种植基本也实现机械化，但生产产品型号较单一，没有形成系列化。现阶段，根据国外插秧机发展状况分析，在插秧机的结构上不会发生较大变化，主要是向着降低生产成本、提高作业效率、功能多样化几个方向发展。
1.3 纸膜覆盖插秧技术国内外研究现状
1.3.1 纸膜覆盖技术国内外研究
地膜覆盖技术的优点显而易见，对农作物增产起很大作用，但随着普通单体聚乙烯塑料膜的发展及广泛应用，由于其不容易被微生物降解带来了一系列的副作用。针对塑料薄膜的缺点，各国研究者对此不断探索孜孜不倦地寻求一种合适的解决方案。纸质地膜就是在此背景下研发而成。
纸膜不但继承了塑料地膜的优点有良好的保温、保水和控草效果。还会在稻田中自
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