33.For an expanded discussion of China's support for North Korea's nucleardiplomacy ，see John J.Tkacik ，Jr.，"Getting China to Support a DenuclearizedNorth Korea ，"Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No.1678，August 25，2003，
at www.heritage.org/Research/AsiaandthePacific/bg1678.cfm.
34.Private conversation with U.S.government officials.
35.Ibid.
36.David E.Sanger ，"U.S.Said to Shift Approach in Talks with North Korea，"The New York Times ，September 5，2003.
37.Joseph Kahn ，"Chinese Aide Says U.S.Is Obstacle in Korean Talks，"TheNew York Times，September 2，2003，
at www.nytimes.com/2003/09/02/international/asia/02KORE.html.
38.Colin L.Powell ，"Remarks with Republic of Korea's Minister of ForeignAffairs and Trade Yoon Young-Kwan After Their Meeting ，"U.S.Department of State，September 3，2003.The Chinese Foreign Ministry also claimed to know nothing ofWang Yi's remarks.See Ministry of Foreign Affairs，People's Republic of China ，"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson's Press Conference ，"September 2，2003，"
at www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/2510/2511/t25603.htm.
39.Private conversation with U.S.government officials.
40.That China offered more aid is mentioned in "Wu Bangguo Chengnuo Xu YuanBei Han"（Wu Bangguo commits more aid to North Korea），The World Journal（in Chinese），October 30，2003，p.2.According to private conversations with U.S.governmentofficials and Japanese journalists in Washington，it was conditioned on Japanesesilence on the abductees issue.
41.Conversations with U.S.government officials.
42.Philip P.Pan ，"China Deploys Troops on N.Korea Border ，"The WashingtonPost，September 16，2003，p.A13，
at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A15610-2003Sep15.html.
See also "Review &Outlook：Tightening the Screws on Kim ，"The Wall Street Journal，September 17，2003，
at online.wsj.com/article/0，，SB106374977379016100，00.html.
43."Jong Hoon Kim Overview of the North Korean Energy Sector ，"U.S.Departmentof Commerce ，US&FCS Market Research Reports ，International Market Insight ，IMI 102193，December 18，2000.
44.Testimony before Committee on Foreign Relations ，U.S.Senate，September11，2003，in verbatim transcript ，"U.S.Senator Richard G.Lugar （R-IN）HoldsHearing on Relations with China ，"prepared by Federal Document Clearing House.
45.John Pomfret，"U.S.，N.Korea Meet，Discuss Nuclear Arms ，Both SidesStake Out Uncompromising Positions，"The Washington Post ，August 27，2003，
at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54126-2003Aug27.html.
46.Associated Press，"N Korea Urges Initial Nuclear Deal，Wants Aid，"TaipeiTimes ，December 10，2003，p.5，
at www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2003/12/10/2003079038.
47.Bill Gertz and Rowan Scarborough，"Inside the Ring ：China-North KoreaAxis，"The Washington Times，December 12，2002，p.A6.
48.George Tenet，Director ，Central Intelligence Agency，testimony in hearing，Worldwide Threat to U.S.Interests，Committee on Armed Services，U.S.Senate，March 19，2002，transcribed by Federal News Service（italics added ）。