49.Shirley A.Kan，"China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destructionand Missiles：Policy Issues，"Congressional Research Service，updated October22，2002，RL31555，p.5，
at www.cia.gov/cia/publications/bian/bian_jan_2002.htm.
50.U.S.China Economic and Security Review Commission，China's ProliferationPractices and the North Korean Nuclear Crisis ，hearing，July 24，2003，pp.7-31，
at www.uscc.gov/july24.pdf.
51.Ibid.，p.9.
52.Bill Gertz and Rowan Scarborough，"Inside the Ring ：Iran's Missile Boats，"The Washington Times，May 17，2002，p.A7.
53.Danny Gittings，"Battling the Bribers，"The Asian Wall Street Journal ，October 29，2002，p.18.See also David E.Sanger and James Dao，"A NuclearNorth Korea ：Intelligence ：U.S.Says Pakistan Gave Technology to North Korea，"The New York Times，October 18，2002，p.A1.A compelling case that the Pakistanishipment transited Chinese military bases is made by Edward Timperlake and WilliamC.Triplett II，"N.Korea，Pakistan ，China，"The Washington Times，December8，2002，
at www.washtimes.com/commentary/20021208-32877640.htm.
54.Kan ，"China and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missiles，"p.14.As this paper was going to press ，Libya announced that it would scrapits nuclear weapons program.
55.The sanctions are published in "Bureau of Nonproliferation；Impositionof Nonproliferation Measures on an Entity in China，Including a Ban on U.S.GovernmentProcurement ，"Federal Register，Vol.68，No.100（May 23，2003），pp.28314-28315.See also Guy Dinmore，"US imposes new sanctions on China ，"Financial Times ，May 222003，at news.ft.com.
56.David E.Sanger ，"U.S.Penalizes 6Asian Firms for Helping Iran Arm Itself，"The New York Times，July 4，2003，p.A1.
57.Richard Boucher ，Daily Press Briefing ，U.S.Department of State ，Washington，D.C.，July 31，2003，
at www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2003/22956.htm.
58.Bill Gertz，"U.S.Tags China with Stiff Penalties，"The Washington Times，September 19，2003，p.A18.
59.Central Intelligence Agency ，Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisitionof Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction and Advanced ConventionalMunitions ：1January Through 30June 2002，March 1，2003，
at www.cia.gov/cia/reports/721_reports/jan_jun2002.html.
60.In addition to articles cited in Kan，"China and Proliferation of Weaponsof Mass Destruction and Missiles，"footnote 10，see Glenn Kessler，"Pakistan'sN.Korea Deals Stir Scrutiny，Aid to Nuclear Arms Bid May Be Recent，"The WashingtonPost，November 13，2002，p.A1；Bill Gertz ，"North Korea Can Build NukesRight Now ，"The Washington Times，November 22，2002，p.A1；and David E.Sanger，"In North Korea and Pakistan ，Deep Roots of Nuclear Barter ，"The NewYork Times，November 24，2002，p.A1，
at www.nytimes.com/2002/11/24/international/asia/24KORE.html.
61.Bill Gertz，"CIA Shifts on North Korean Nukes，"The Washington Times，July 4，2003，
at www.washingtontimes.com/national/20030703-114656-2535r.htm.