get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
she has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。 i need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
there is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:
ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动 ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求 campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望 courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因 decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,
tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
john will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
his wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。 their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。 he is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。 (2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1. 2.
现在分词表示主动意义,正在进行;
过去分词一般表示被动含意,状态或做完(完成)的事。。
he rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 the child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
the room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。 have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗? he is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。
3)-ing作定语 动名词①多位于其前表示其性能、用途(无时间性可换为for+doing)
he has a reading room. a sleeping car(a car for sleeping)
现在分词②表正在进行(主谓关系)即主动进行,可换为定语从句;
the girl gathering flowers is beautiful.
the question being discussed now is important.
过去分词作定语有(动宾关系,表完成)即被动完成,可换为定语从句。
we can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.
(we can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. )
4)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:v –ing 和过去分词。v –ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:
falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子
boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come (3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;
do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生; do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?
过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。
have you read the novel written by dickens ? 5.作宾补时,三者的区别
1.有些动词接不定式作宾补:(和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成;表一次性动作)
①tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask + sb to do
he asked me to finish it in time. the teacher told me to clean the blackboard.
②feel(一感); hear\\ listen to(二听); have \\ make\\ let(三使);see\\ watch\\ observe\\ notice\\ look at\\ find (六看) + sb do等感官使役动词后不定式作宾补省略to,但被动以后要还原to.
i heard him call me several times. i heard her sing the song many times. tom was made to sing.
2.有些动词接ing作宾补: feel(一感); hear\\ listen to(二听); have \\get \\ leave\\keep (四使);see\\ watch\\ observe\\ notice\\ look at\\ find (六看) +sb doing (强调动作主动,正在进行,或尚未完成;延续性动词)
i found her listening to the radio. i heard her singing the song when i passed her room.
3. 有些动词接过去分词作宾补:feel(一感); hear\\ listen to(二听); make\\ let \\get\\ have\\ leave\\ keep\\ (六使);see\\ watch\\ observe\\ notice\\ look at\\ find (六看) +sb done (表动作被动完成,多强调状态) speak louder so that you can make yourself heard. we found the village greatly changed.
i heard the song sung in english many times. (3)不带to的不定式
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to:
它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——5看(look at, see, watch, notice, observe);3使(make, let, have);2听(listen to, hear);1感觉(fell)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语
(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词