8．独立主格结构
独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。(主从句主语不一致，从句可变为非谓语，带有自己的逻辑主语)。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。 常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
the girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 time permitting (= if time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
the problems solved (= as the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
her glasses broken (= because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
he is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
they said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。 4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
an air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
so many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
he put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 the meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
the boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近
火炉坐着，背对着门。
7. there being +名词（代词）如：
there being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
there being no further business, i declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 8. it being +名词（代词）如：
it being christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
it being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
9 with复合结构的构成
with+宾语+宾语补足语，构成with复合结构，宾语可以是名词或是代词，宾语补足语可以是介词短语、过去分词、现在分词、形容词、动词不定式、副词。with复合结构在句子中作状语，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随、方式等。且with后面的宾语与其后的宾语补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。
1）with+宾语+介词短语
he was asleep with his head on his arms.
2）with+宾语+过去分词（宾语与宾补之间是被动关系） all the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
3）with+宾语+现在分词（宾语与宾补之间是主动关系） with winter coming on，it's time to buy warm clothes. 4）with+宾语+to do（不定式做宾补有“将来”的含义） i can't go out with all these dishes to wash. 5）with+宾语+形容词/副词
anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.