1、承认条件是预先确定的，无法选择
Take a child in today's Africa，whether he/she would be in the future, it is entirely possible that he/she is suffering the poverty, huger or even HIV/AIDS in the South Africa. As it is the condition there, the poor situations in the whole country. Of course, it is not the child's fault, or even the parents'.It is made, to some extent, by history, by the unequal economic systems between the rich and poor nations, and the governments here. 2、个人责任感可以改变社会条件
Martin Luther King, the most famous civil-rights leader in his time and still today. Though born in a rich family and served the good education, when facing the choice whether to stay in the South, where black people were enjoying a better life, or go to the North, where the brothers were still suffering from injustice; he made the decisive choice to leave for the North and to struggle for the civil rights for all the Negro. It is his personal responsibility rather than the conditions he were in at that time made him so. 3、个人责任感可以改变自然环境
Consider, the 2004 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate: Wangari Maanthai . When confronting the deforestations in Kenya, the women did not give up her dream, instead, she chose to build a better world for the women there, and for the new generation in future. After 30-years “Green Belt Movement”, under her leadership and for all the efforts done by the once suffered women, Kenya witnesses great improvements both in natural environment and also other areas.
162T 个体与整体 因果 \often hears about the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own lives. However, the conditions in which people find themselves have been largely established long before people become aware of them. Thus, the concept of personal responsibility is much more complicated and unrealistic than is often assumed162． 我们经常听到某个人说为了生活他需要些什么。但是，很多情况下人们早已创造了条件，只是很多人很久以后才会意识到。所以个人责任比我们想象的要复杂虚幻得多
① born condition: AIDS /born in a slum put up with
② （社会大环境）Czar Peter : 被认为是俄国最杰出（preeminent）的沙皇（czar）。当
时俄国十分落后：农奴（serf）增加，合法权利减少；俄国错过文艺复兴（Renaissance）和宗教改革（Reformation）的最好时期；科学停滞不前。而西欧一片繁荣。于是进行了西方化改革：发展科学，改革社会风俗，使得俄国成为列强之一。 ③ （个人小环境）若彼得大帝太特殊，也有人不屈的奋斗来改变它们的命运（fate）.如：
Armstrong, negro,生于slum,贫穷使得他没有正规的学习音乐， 13岁时因向天空开枪，被送进感化院（bridewell）。后来组建乐队，自己当歌手，并极大地发展了爵士乐。
但丁 (Dante 1265-1321) 参考事迹：童年父母双亡，后拜当时的著名学者拉丁尼为师，之后勤奋自学，从而获得了渊博的知识，音乐绘画都很有造诣。青年时候参加反封建贵族的斗争，1300年斗争胜利后曾任行政官，1302年教会反动势力反扑，没收其财产，将其流放，在以后近二十年的流放生涯中，但丁写出了牛作《神曲》
☆☆164T \imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes.\． 有时侯想象力比实际经验更有价值。缺乏实际经验的人有很自由的想象空间，他们知道了什么是可能的，然后就会去找到一个完成的方法，而不受固有的习惯和态度的限制
① imagination 为科学提供新的发展和新理论的演绎creating。有的人会说贡献都是实验室
里做出来的，但实际上，没有天才的想象力，怎么能想到DNA的双螺旋结构
② 即使是纯粹的imagination也能给我们带来stunning feelings.如：如果说Mozart这个
天才带来的纯粹是艺术上的享受，Harry Potter则不仅带来了happiness, 还有无限商机 ③ 但大多数情况下，Without 经验, imagination is nothing more than a beautiful
dream. Perpetual motion, 欧文 ( Robert Owen)
④ 经验其实是以前经验和想象的结果。experience is raw materials needed to
actualize imagination。最好是将二者结合
163\circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to
------------------------------
163 同意人们往往在物质与精神上把自己局限于小范围内，只利用可用资源一小部分 1、物质生活中如此
有不少钱，但平常只用一部分，遇到大问题或危机时才充分利用，如生病，买房，创业 2、精神生活如此
某个领域的研究与学习，平常只学很浅的一小部分，因为范围太大，当遇到一个任务时会深入、大量学习
3、有些出色的人能动地扩大自己的日常范围，比一般人更容易成功
成功领袖，读很多领域的书，结实很多人，充分利用周围资源， 自己陷入困境时很容易得到帮助
business leader
164\imagination is a more valuable asset than experience.
them
until
they
face
a
great
problem
or
crisis.\
People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes.\
------------------------------
164 同意想象力的重要性，但经验也不可忽视 1、承认想象力有时可以帮人创造性地达到目标
学生解决问题，缺少经验，但有时后可以得出成人想不到的方法world geography, memorize the shapes and distributions of continents and oceans. Most of the children have few experiences about those places where they have never been to. However, they can finish this task with their creativities. That is to imagine the shape of continents, oceans, countries as commonly seen objects in life, such as animals, plants, toys, etc 2、有些想象力是在经验基础上诞生的
Duke Ellington prolific jazz music composer,create new compositions untill late life
Thomas Edison contunue invent until very old age
Mark Twain's autography, finished on his death bed, was commented as his most inspired work
3、想象力和经验都是valuable asset, 紧密联系，都有作用
imagination helps to lift experience to higher level, without imagination like a bird has no wings; experience is the raw material needed to actualize imagination, without experience like water without source or a tree without roots
164想象力和经验
一、想象力确实重要，但也只有想象力imagination with certain purpose才能achieve constructive progress。也不能忽略经验。通过long time meditation，获得experience and empirical intuition 清楚地分析问题
二、imagination, the distinctive gift of human beings, has been playing a pivotal role since we started to think about the world around us.
1．没有思维限制（新手第一点对已知领域）no awareness of rigorous adherence to previous knowledge
2．muster courage to, are less afraid of making mistakes and have less fear to present new ideas，children
三、pure imagination is not enough to achieve any goal, unless it is related to certain objectives.
1．So advanced，仅靠想象没有
2．who made substantial progress and who resorted to some measure of imagination, 都经过长期思考和努力 2．凯库勒，牛顿 四、经验的重要 1．（同老手）
2．尽管被限制，但more directed to aims
165\any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas
------------------------------
165 leading voice来自人们的conviction
1、政治领域，conviction支撑下的opinions and ideas才能成为leading voice Martin Luther King
2、科学领域，许多leading voice在诞生之初与大家的见解不同，但因为conviction才被接受
New Einstein
3、没有conviction而仅仅处于显示自己的人不会坚持自己的见解，也无法说服别人，从而不可能成为leading voice
a farmer claimed that he can prove earth is the center of solar system
165T \not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority.\165． 在任何领域，领导作用总是来自于这些人，他们并不为传统的观念所动，而是极力渴望表达那些和主流思想不同的观点和想法
① 有时确实是的。心理学表明，领导总是具有高于一般人的表现欲望。实例：Hitler, 想表现
自己而不是achieve great goal.
② 有时是追求内心的热情，尤其在艺术领域。如：Vincent Gogh, 耳朵都割了。
Beethoven， 耳朵也聋了。
③ 有时则是被坚定的信念所驱使。如：Joan of Arc， Stephen Hawking
166\the past century, the most significant contribution of technology has been to make people's lives more comfortable.\
that
differ
from
those
held
by
the
majority.\
------------------------------
166 同意科技为生活带来方便，但也有负面影响 1、科技给日常生活带来方便
microwave oven; washing machine; 2、科技还给工作带来方便
transportation; industry;communication 3、科技也带来负面影响
nuclear weapons; chemical weapons
166T \been to make people's lives more comfortable.\166．上个世纪，科技的最大贡献在于使人们的生活更舒适。
①Everybody benefits from the contribution of the technology to facilitate his or her private lives and works.个人
②Many preeminent innovations of technology over the past century have greatly improved the development of society and industry.社会
③Admittedly, with the development of technology, some problems arises---- green house effect, nuclear threats, environmental pollutions, etc. However, such drawbacks of technology do not surpass the benefit it brings about. ④科技也提供了一些解决这些新问题的手段。
167\is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician.\
------------------------------
167 同意不需要完全讲真话，但就长期来看，诚实对领导也很重要 1、完全诚实对保住leadership不利
during election, to maintain leadership, need to pander to electorate, honest leader ruin their chance to exercise leadership;
complete forthrightness is a sign of vulnerability and narivete. opponents take advantage against honest politician 2、为不引起恐慌，危险时刻善意谎言 expedient