irreplaceable in such processes.
And the artists in the Renaissance, such as Vince, Michelangelo etc., were the forerunners of some artistic schools, many of their artworks were today’s classics that constitute the important part of cultural legacies through which a nation defines its cultural identity. Still, who makes China marching on an ever-growing road? The first man that emerges in people's mind is Deng Xiaoping, the designer and the operator of the market economy and opening-up policies. By the same token, when talking about the today’s advanced economic situations that American achieved, the contributions of Clinton and Bush can not be denied. 3、伟大国家中的统治者、艺术家、科学家要为人民谋福利
For the rulers or the politicians, they should improve people's living standards, safeguard the nation's integrity and people's safety, in a word, they should make their nation more stable, peace, and prosperous; With respect to artists, they should exert their creativity and imagination to make more classic artworks in order to reflect the inner connotations and impulse of a society and ultimately improve people’s spiritual life and bring with them entertainment; When it comes to scientists, what they should is to make the research results conduce to people’s study, life, and work while avoid the potential negative impacts their research may produce.
170 人民福利与个人成就
一、人民福利确实很重要，毕竟the task, 但演讲人认为个人成就no bearing on，其实是propel, even coexist with
二、It is true that the achievement of a nation cannot be achieved by a single person or a limited number of elites.
1．Great nation 的定义，prosperous in economy, democratic in politics , affluence in cultures. 个人难以达到
三、个人成就促进the speaker ignores the fact that personal success also benefits the whole society.
1．科学家努力推动技术到现在的水平 2．Watt, White Brothers, Bell
四、政治personal achievements improve the quality of people's lives. 1．Revolution由个人煽动，Martin等人 2．与个人成功结合 四、商业
1．GDP，就业，税收
2．Do public good提高品牌形象和销量，捐赠 五．艺术
1．从文艺复兴，艺术的重要性lift spirit and mind 2．现代音乐会使人放松 六、不是mutually exclusive
1. every individual who intends to achieve his own purpose-- good interest and allowed by laws--is creating the welfare for the nation is the linchpin how society proceeds and progresses.
2．In turn, provides better living condition, healthier lives, and better education, renders individuals more likely to succeed.
170T \artists, or scientists, but the general welfare of all its people.\． 一个富强的国家最有力的证明不是它的统治者、艺术家或者科学家，而是全体人民的福利
① I concede that general welfare 是正确的指标。包含：物质和精神两个方面。Put
another way, public health and safety, security against military invasion, individual autonomy and freedom, cultural richness, and a high standard of living. A但是除了经济，这些都是难以衡量的。B另一方面，这些成就与统治者、艺术家和科学家密不可分。
② 统治者：决定国家是否强大。包括了以上的各个方面。如：彼得大帝（Czar Peter），被
认为是俄国最杰出（preeminent）的沙皇（czar）。进行了西方化改革：发展科学，改革社会风俗，使得俄国成为列强之一。
③ 艺术：A是社会繁荣的标志。试想一个不能保证温饱的社会如何能有繁荣的艺术。B艺术
也能提高人们的生活福利。Artistic achievement is also needed to make a nation a better place for humans overall. Mozart, Vinci, ④ 科学家：提高效率，方便生活，福利增加（longevity）
B. Scientific achievements serve to enhance a nation's general welfare.
a) Advances in the health science have enhanced our physical well-being, comfort, and life span.
b) Advances in technology have enabled us to travel to more places, communicate with more people from different walks of life, and learn more about the world much more effectively.
c) Advances in physics and engineering make our buildings safer, and enable us to travel to more places, more distant places, with greater safety and speed.
Second, it assumes that the sorts of achievements that the speaker cites have nothing to do with a nation's general welfare.
171\who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people
------------------------------
171 不一定
1、承认在scientific technology领域，科学家为自己的兴趣而工作，造福了人类 Network研究之初仅仅是满足科学家对数据传输的兴趣，造福人类 genetics
2、在社会科学领域，研究者需要从大众角度出发
社会科学是为了解决现实社会生活中的问题，需要从解决问题入手研究，否则无意义，纯理论是空洞没有说服力的，很难对社会有用
3、研究者如果完全凭兴趣研究置public good于不顾，会对社会造成伤害
The evil deed of chemical scientists in the World War II is a case in point. They simply tried hard to invent chemical weapons to destroy the soldiers of enemy army, without taking so many innocent lives into consideration. Consequently, their efforts for personal interests in chemistry only brought war, starvation, and death to the rest of the world, not beneficial influences at all.
171 在政治方面，I concede有些是出于为大众谋福利的。如：Gandhi, 女权运动的领袖们，国家的总统的责任就是expand wealth and welfare of its citizens. 如果为了自己的利益会损害国家人们的利益，比如一些政治丑闻，official为了自己经济利益而照顾一些小集团的利益
在科学研究上，出于自己的兴趣可以有更高的持续的热情，和灵感，能更好的保证研究成果。如：Bill Gates，Wegner。如果纯粹为了大众的利益反而容易使人们选择不适合自己的领域，不能做出更大的贡献。假如Copernicus为了大众的健康而选择医学而不是天文学，那么他可能不会做出那样的贡献。
从经济学的观点分析，每个人都是理性人Rational people。人们主观为自己经济利益而奋斗，客观造福了国家与大众。如：Welch是为了自己的成就感与经济利益才去作为GE的领导的，用自己的智慧与灵感领导GE获得了很大的利润上的增长，但同时他对美国的经济做出了贡献，间接的税收为美国人贡献了一点点福利。Li，香港的富商，现在经营这许多公司，为香港的繁荣做出了很大的贡献，但是当初他开始经商并不是抱着为香港人的，而是为了让自己过上更好的生活。
171. 追求个人目标要比为人民服务更能造福大众
一、确实有时追求个人目标，在代表人类利益的前提下，可以造福大众。但有时后者也可以造福社会
who
try
to
act
for
the
public
good.\
二、in scientific field, where individual intellect plays a pivotal role, scientists who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons can bring about progress at large for the society. 1．研究的艰难，只能靠个人理想和个人兴趣
2．虽然奉献社会这类purpose可以鼓励，但在长期是不足够的，因为研究结果未知，科学家常常不能认同
三、在商业也是这样the behavior for maximizing profits of those chief executive officers can also benefit the society as well. 1．追求利润最大化可以带来GDP，税收，就业
2．有时提高公司形象。。比imposing public responsibility要好，自愿，不强制
3．国有企业state-owned，ostensibly for the greatest good of the whole nation, turn out to be 无效率和squander资源
四、the presumption that personal interests do not violate human beings interest precedes the conclusion
1．只有当与大众目标consistent的时候，才meaningful and beneficial 2. 如希特勒，虽然追求个人兴趣，但infringe他人的自由和权利
五、也不是unexceptionable，in some fields, the claim that people who try to act for public good is less likely to benefit the world is not unexceptionable. 1. Heroes and heroines 2．甘地，圣女贞德
171T \who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good.\171． 同那些出于为大众谋福利的人相比，纯粹出于个人原因而追求自己智力兴趣的人往往更能造福于这个世界。
① I concede有些是出于为大众谋福利的。如：Gandhi, King
② 出于自己的兴趣可以有更高的持续的热情；出于自己的智力能更好的保证研究成果。如：
Edison, Einstein
③ 从经济学的观点分析，每个人都是理性人。若大家不按照理性行事，世界会乱套。人们主
观为自己，客观为别人。如：价格。举反例。
172\truths begin as outrageous, or at least uncomfortable, attacks
------------------------------
172 同意
upon
the
accepted
wisdom
of
the
time.\
1. 真理通常是纠正以前错误的观点，人们已经习惯旧观点，难以接受新的正确的观点
For example, in 16th century, most people believed Aristotle’s theory that “the object’s falling speed is in proportion to its weight”, whereas Italy scientist Galileo found the falling speed only related to the gravity and falling time. Of course, people did not accept the “crazy thought” in that time. However, the famous Pisa Tower experiment proved the truth.
2. 接受真理往往会影响或者削弱当前的一些人的地位和利益，所以他们会保护旧观点
In 16th century, Christianity supported geocentricism, however, Copernicus put forward contrary theory --- heliocentricism, which was regarded as heresy by Christianities because it did not accord with the Bible. 3. 真理有时是开辟人们认知的新领域，也难以接受 Relativity
173\does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways.\
------------------------------
173 同意有些创新是在已有思想基础上的，有的是完全创新的 1、承认有些创新建立在一定基础上based on old ideas
e-commerce based on Internet technology and traditional business forms; initial stage, network and shopping are almost exclusive, the former is used for data transportation, the latter exist in daily life consumption; put them in new ways, form a new way of Internet application and running business 2、有些创新是original的
Einstein Relativity; Dawin Natural Selection
3、对于普通人来说，最有效的创新是通过改造创新，而不是原始创新 在发现new ways中发挥创造性，从而construct new ideas 混合学习
173原创建立在旧思想上。在艺术上，不管新的艺术风格多么与众不同，但是仍然建立在绘画，雕塑等的基本知识上，比如虽然Monet的印象派是一种艺术表达方式的创新，但是也是建立在传统绘画的基本功，并对各种绘画流派的理解和综合产生的。在科学上，比如虽然Wegener的板块学说plate tectonics是一种创新但是也建立在传统地质科学知识geological finding and fossils上的，而这些基本知识都是旧的，只是如何用组织他们来构成新的理论
现在的科学成果，日常的经验也证明了这一点。比如电脑，是一个创新，但是仍然是半导体物