一、 名词解释（4分，16分）
英文两个：
1. policy science:multidisciplinary,problem-solving,explicitly normative. 2. Policy analysis: the disciplined application of intellect to public problems.
3. Policy cycle:”stage heuristic”,is a political process through which most public policies pass over the course of their lifetime. Is often viewed as a “vonveyor belt”.
4. Kuhn’s Scientific Revolution:As the natural sciences progressed,they amassed(积累，收集) a body of ever-changing theory.Scientific advances were not based on the accumulation of knowledge and facts,but rather on a dominant paradigm used in any specific period to explain the phenomena under study.Rather than refuting previous theories,each paradigm would build upon the body of relevant knowledge and theories.Once a paradigm was accepted by consensus among current scholars,it would last as long as it remained useful.Ultimately it would be displaced by a more relevant and useful paradigm,this process of replacement was Kuhn’s Specific Revolution. 5. Policy
universe:Afundamental
unit
containing
all
possible
international state,social actors and institutions directly or indirectly affecting a specific policy area.
6. Policy subsystem:A space where relevant actors discuss policy issues and persuade and bargain in pursuit of their interests.
7. Counteracting:growth in the size,scope and complexity of government functions over the years prevents generalist politicians from controlling.
8. Prime mover(发起者，原动力) in the policy respone:problem structuring is a central guidance system or steering mechanism that affects the success of all subsequent phases of policy analysis…policy analysts…fail more often because they solve the wrong problem than because they get the wrong solutions to the right problem.
9. Problem:substantial discrepancy between what is and what should be.
10. Problem Recognition:According to Kingdon 1995,problem recognition is often stimulated by widely agreed-upon indicators and routine monitoring that turns up discrepancies or patterns that hint that something is amiss(出了差错的).
11. Policy images:a mixture of empirical information and emotive appeals that explain the issue and justify the public policy respone. 12. Attention Cycle:explain how policy problems evolve on the political agenda by Downs.Public attention rarely remains focused to any one issue.
13. Punctuated Equilibrium（间断平衡）:convey a process that simultaneously combines ong stable periods of policy consensus followed by bursts of change around new issues and new policy
images.
14. Incrementalism（渐进主义）:seem to describe most budgetary decision-making in Western democracies,less useful when encounter some considerable shock:a war,crisis.
15. Policy design:the process of organizing and delivering outcomes through the chosen policy instruments.
16. Policy tool or instrument:an identifiable method through which collective action is structured to address a public problem.
17. Policy implementation:implementation is the process of putting a government program into effect;it is the total process of translating a legal mandate(授权),whether an executive order an enacted statute(法规),into appropriate program directives and structures that provide services or create goods.
18. Policy evaluation:policy evaluation refers broadly to the stage of the policy process at which it is determined how a public policy has actually fared in action.It involves the means being employed and the objectives being served.
中文两个：
1． 什么是政策过程？
从政治系统论看，政策过程指政策主体、政策客体以及政策环境之间相互联系和相互作用，政策系统呈现的动态运行过程；从政策过程的是只看，政策过程实质上是一种政治过程。
2． 街头官僚的概念：
街头官僚，也称街道层官僚，指那些在其工作过程中直接与市民互动的公共服务人员，以及对任务执行具有实质性判断力的公职人员。
3.一线公务人员的概念
那些处于履行社会管理与市场监管职能的行政机关的基层部门中，直接履行行政监管、行政处罚、行政强制、行政稽查等现场执法职责的公务人员。
4.什么是政策评估？
政策评估是指公共政策评估主体根据一定的政策评估标准和程序，对政策系统、政策过程和政策结果的质量、效益、效果等方面进行评价或判断的一系列活动，其目的是改善公共政策系统，提高政策决策质量，保证政策目标实现。
5.解释政策终结
政策终结是指经过对政策进行审慎评估后，发现政策问题已经解决、政策效率低下或政策实施引发重大不良后果等，导致政策没有继续存在的必要，因此采取措施和手段，终止不必要的一种政策行为。
6.政策周期的概念。
政策周期的内涵是指，政策经过制定——执行——评估——监控——终结这几个阶段后形成了一个周期，表明新的政策不是凭空产生的，而是原有政策的延续，是为了适应新情况对原政策加以修改或调整，从而形成一个新周期，实现新老政策的交替循环。
7.政策变迁的概念。
决策者通过政策评估及监测，在获得政策执行及政策结果的信息之后，需要对政策去向做出维持、延续、调整还是中介的判断和选择，而政策的这一发展变化过程统称为政策变迁。
8.政策转移
一个政治体系的政策、行政配置、机构和思想观念被其他政治体系用以发展其政策、行政配置、机构和思想观念的过程。政策转移与政策扩散在本质上无实质性差别。
9.政策学习
政策学习就是根据过去的政策的后果和新的信息，有意识地调整政策技术和政策目标，从而达到最终治理的目标。
10.政策网络
政府机构与其他利益相关者之间由于共同的利益或资源相互依赖而联系在一起，建立制度化的互动模式，对关心的议题进行对话和协商，使参与者的政策偏好或政策诉求得到重视，以便增加彼此的政策利益。
二、 简答题（10分，40分）
英文一题：
1. What do you think the importance of public policy is? Intelligent decisions Consistency
Framework
2. Types of public policy?
Theodore Lowi:distributive policy;redistributive policy;regulatory policy. Joseph.Tewart.Jr and etc: Liberal VS conservative Substantive VS procedural Material VS symbolic Collective VS private
3. Approaches to policy analysis? ?the process approach ?the substantive approach ?the logical-positivist approach ?the econometric approach
?the phenomenological or postpositivist approach ?the participatory approach
?the normative or prescriptive approach ?the ideological approach ?the historical approach
4. How does a political system respond or adapt to environment and technological changes in order to maintain stability?
All social organizations are adaptive or open system that are integral parts of their environment,they must adjust to changes in their