improperly, touch can betray trust and cause annoyance.
Touch interpreted as power in many cultures: more powerful people touch less powerful people.
1) hand-shaking (differs in intensity and duration)
2) Hugging and kissing (for old friends, but inappropriate in business situations)
4. Smell
A number of elements affect the meaning we give to a smell, culture influences our reaction to each of these variables:
5. Paralanguage (副语言)
It involves sounds but not words, lying between verbal and nonverbal communication. It is divided into 3 categories:
Vocal qualifiers （语音修饰特征）
Vocalization （元音化/浊音化）
Silence
Vocal qualifiers （语音修饰特征）—— volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance, tone
Vocalization （元音化/浊音化）
Non-word noises "un-huh, oooh, mmmh, etc."
Language fillers "okay, you know".
"Oops" — used to show recognition of a mistake or minor accident, often as part of an apology.
"Oops! I'm sorry. I just made you miss your bus!"