语文学刊·外语教育教学
longer-termrewarddilemmainmanywayscomestoreflectontheir"character".(http://www.77cn.com.cn/personality/L8-4Struc－tureMindIdEgoSuperego.html)
Thenlet’shaveabetterunderstandingoftheconceptsofId,EgoandSuper-Ego:
“It”）：TheIdfunctionsintheirrationalandTHEID（
emotionalpartofthemind.Atbirthababy’smindisallId-wantwantwant.TheIdistheprimitivemind.Itcontainsallthebasicneedsandfeelings.Itisthesourceforlibido(psy－chicenergy).Andithasonlyonerule-->the“pleasureprin－ciple”:“IwantitandIwantitallnow”.Intransactionalanalysis,Idequatesto"Child".THEEGO:“(I”):TheEgofunctionswiththerationalpartofthemind.TheEgodevelopsoutofgrowingawarenessthatyoucan’talwaysgetwhatyouwant.TheEgorelatestotherealworldandoperatesviathe“realityprinciple”.TheEgorealisestheneedforcompromiseandnegotiatesbetweentheIdandtheSuperego.TheEgo'sjobistogettheId'spleasuresbuttobereasonableandbearthelong-termconsequencesinmind.TheEgodeniesbothin－stantgratificationandpiousdelayingofgratification.Thetermego-strengthisthetermusedtorefertohowwelltheegocopeswiththeseconflictingforces.Toundertakeitsworkofplanning,thinkingandcontrollingtheId,theEgousessomeoftheId'slibidinalenergy.Intransactionalanalysis,Egoequatesto"Adult".THESUPEREGO“(Over-I”):TheSu－peregoisthelastpartofthemindtodevelop.Itmightbecalledthemoralpartofthemind.TheSuperegobecomesanembodimentofparentalandsocietalvalues.Itstoresanden－forcesrules.Itconstantlystrivesforperfection,eventhoughthisperfectionidealmaybequitefarfromrealityorpossibility.Itspowertoenforcerulescomesfromitsabilitytocreateanxi－ety.TheSuperegohastwosubsystems:EgoIdealandCon－science.TheEgoIdealprovidesrulesforgoodbehaviour,andstandardsofexcellencetowardswhichtheEgomuststrive.TheEgoidealisbasicallywhatthechild’sparentsapproveoforvalue.TheConscienceistherulesaboutwhatconstitutesbadbehaviour，anditisbasicallyallthosethingsthatthechildfeelsmumordadwilldisapproveoforpunish.(http://www.77cn.com.cn/personality/L8-4StructureMindIdEgoSuperego.html)
TheIdreferstotheunconsciouspartofthemindandconsisitsofnaturalinstincts,urgesanddrivesthatarere－pressed.TheIdactsonthe“pleasureprinciple”.TheEgoispartlyconsciousandcontainsthecapacitiestocalculate,rea－son,andplan.TheEgoisinfluencedbytheexternalworldandtriestoregulateandcontrolthenaturalinstinctsprovidedbytheId,actingon“realityprinciple”.TheSuperegoisthecon－sciouspartormoralpartand,inthelightofsocialrulesandmoralstandards,actingon“perfectionprinciple”.Innormalcondition,thesethreepartsarewellcocodinatedandwellbal－anced.However,theIdalwayshastoberepressedandtheSuperegoconstantlystrivesforperfection,soagoodbalanceisveryhardtokeepamongthemandtheEgooftennegotiatesbe－tweentheIdandtheSuperego.Accordingto程爱民(2001),Freudbelievesthatpeoplewithasoundpersonalityorreason－
2009年第2期
ablementalhealtharehardtofind.
InthestoryGimpeltheFool,Gimpelisseenasafoolbymanytownspeoplearoundhimandoftenfallsfortheiroldornewtricks.Attheverybeginningofthestory,Gimpelintro－duceshimselfwiththefollowingwords:“IamGimpelthefool.Idon’tthinkmyselfafool.Onthecontrary.”Thisjustshowsthethreelevelsofthepsychologicalactivity:theconsciousness,thepreconsciousness,andtheunconsciousness.Fortheun－consciousness,hethinksheisonthecontraryandnotafool;fortheconsciousness,headmitsthatheisGimpelthefoolbe－causehewantstogetonwellwiththeothers.Thenameoffoolisgivenbyhistownfellowsevenwhileheisstillinschool,andhehasothersimilarnameslike“imbecile”,“donkey”,“flax-head”,“dope”,“glump”,and“ninny”.TheytellsGim－pelthattherabbis’swifehasbeenbroughttochildbedandGimpelskipsschool,butitturnsouttobealie.Thisexampleof“foolishness”showsnothingbutagreatdealofhonestyandkindnessonGimpel’spartbecauseheactson“perfectionprinciple”andletsthemmeettheir“pleasureprinciple”.“Andinsteadoftheraisinstheygivewhenawoman‘slyingin,theystuffedmyhandfullofgoatturds.”(Singer,page79)AsGimpelsays,heisnotaweakpersonandcanstrikesome－oneveryhard.Heinstinctivelydesirestoslapthosewhoplaytricksonhim,buthe“letitpass”andthuskeepthedesirestillintheunconsciouspart.Asaresult,thepreconsciousnessdoesn’tletthedesireofslappingsomeonepassintothecon－sciouspartofthemind,andthereforetheEgonegotiatessuc－cessfullybetweentheIdandtheSuperego,resultinginrealiz－ingthe“perfectionprinciple”.Gimpelconcludesthatheis“reallynotasluggerbynature”andhedecidesto“letitpass”.Everyoneofthetownspeopleplaystricksonhim,butGimpelallowsthemtotakeadvantageofhim.Gimpelthinkstherearetworeasonsfordongingso:first,“everythingispossi－ble,asitiswrittenintheWisdomoftheFathers”(Singer,page79);second,hehopesthatwilldohistownfellowssomegood.Unconsciously,Gimpelwantstosaytheyaretellinglies,butpeoplewillgetangryifhedarestosayso.“Totellthetruth,Iknewverywellthatnothingofthesorthadhappened”(Singer,page80),but“whatdidIstandtolosebylooking?”(Singer,page80)Gimpelthinkstheredoesn’tseemtobeanyharmintheirdeceivinghim.Hejusttriestobetolerantenoughtoavoiddoinganyharmtohistownfellows.Astoallthetricksplayedonhim,Gimpel’spreconsciousnesskeepsonexamininghisunconsciousnessandmanagestopreventsomeinadequatedesiresfromcomingintotheconsciouspartofthemind;inotherwords,theEgo,inthelightofthe“realityprin－ciple”,negotiatessuccessfullybetweentheIdandtheSu－peregoandeventuallyrealizestheSuperego’s“perfectionprinciple”.Gimpelbelievesthatitis“bettertobeafoolallyourdaysthanforonehourtobeevil”,“forhewhocauseshisneighbortofeelshamelosesParadisehimself”(Singer,page80).ThereforethereaderswillfindthatGimpleisinfactwiserthananyoneelseinthetownalthoughheappearstobeafool.
Later,Gimpeldecidestogoofftoanothertown,butev－
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