7）钱钟书的“化境”说（sublimation）
所谓“化境”（sublimation），是指原作在译文中就像“投胎转世”，躯体换了一个，但精魄依然故我。换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里绝不会读起来想翻译出的东西的：“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是‘化’，把作品从一国文字转换成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’”。
2. 国外的翻译理论家
1）John Dryden
Metaphrase(逐词译), turning an author word by word, and line by line, from one language into another.
Paraphrase(释译), or translation with latitude, where the author's words are not so strictly followed but his sense.
Imitation(拟议), where the translation assumes the liberty, bot only to vary fro the words and the sense, but to forsake them both as he sees occasion.
2）Alexander Fraser Tytler
a. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. b. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the
original.
c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition.
3）Eugene A. Nida
Nida: translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所谓翻译，就是从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。
Reproducing the message; Equivalence rather than identity; A natural equivalent; The closest equivalent; The style;
Dynamic equivalence is to describe it as "the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message". This type of definition contains three essential terms: 1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language message; 2) natural, which points roward the receptor language, and 3)closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.
4）Peter Newmark
1. Semantic translation: "is personal and individual follows the thought processes of the author, tends to over-translate, pursues nuances of meaning, yet aims at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impact", expressive (literary) texts tend more toward the semantic method of translation.
语义性翻译：屈从原语文化和原作者，翻译原文的语义，只在原文的内涵意义构成理解的最大障碍时才加以解释。属超额翻译。
2. Communicative translation: on the other hand, "attempts to render the exact