[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have
professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that ―the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.‖So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which ―the
producers of knowledge are produced.‖Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.‖Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.‖Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.
[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the
American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
G → 41. → 42. →E → 43. → 44. →45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your
translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that ―Mind is the master weaver,‖ creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the
book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.
(46) Allen‘s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we
therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: ―Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ‖
Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen
concluded : ― We do not attract what we want, but what we are.‖ Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don‘t ― get‖ success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
Part of the fame of Allen‘s book is its contention that ―Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal
him.‖ (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however
bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been ―wronged‖ then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person‘s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen‘s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except
ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before