Vowels---cardinal vowels(基本元音), pure/monophthong vowels（单元音）, vowel glides（滑元音）, diphthongs（双元音/ai/）, triphthongs（三合元音/aie/）
Broad transcription(宽式标音) ：Use simple and common symbols for the unusual symbols.
Narrow transcription(严式标音）: Use more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail. Phoneme（音素）
Minimal pairs(最小对立体)---针对元音音素 /i:/---/i/(beat/bit) /ei/---/ai/(tale/tile)
Allophones(音位变体)：(The variation in the pronunciation of phoneme in different positions is called allophony or allophonic variation .) a phonetic variant of phoneme. e.g. /p/--- peak, speak.
Assimilation (同化): a process that one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. ---nasalization（鼻音化/kait/---/kain/）， dentalization（齿音化/tent/--/ten）， velarization（软腭化），regressive assimilation(逆同化)， progressive assimilation（顺同化） Dissimilation（异化）
Morpheme(词素) is the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or dramatically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
Morphology（形态学/词形学） studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
Types of morphemes: Free morpheme(自由词素dog, close，nation), bound morpheme（粘着词素dis-, -ed）, root(词根international---nation; friendships---friend), affix(词缀), stem（词干friendships---friendship）, inflectional affix (曲折词素friendships---s)
，
derivational
affix
（
派
生
词
素
recite---recitation---recital）
Affix is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem), so affix is naturally bound.
Prefix(前缀): para-, mini-, un- 举例如unconscious，minibus等 Suffix（后缀）: -ise, -tion, -ism Infix（中缀）: abso-blooming-lutely
Lexical Change Proper: Invention(发明法), Blending（混成发）, Abbreviation（缩写法advertisement---ad）, Acronym（缩略法
WTO---World Trade Organization）, Back-formation（逆构词法）, Analogical creation（类推构词）, Borrowing（借词法）。
Immediate Constituent Analysis （直接成分分析法）---tree diagram(树形图)
Coordination(并列 and, but, or) Subordination（从属） Subject(主语) Predicate（述谓） Theme Aheme Embedded sentence(嵌入句) compound sentence (并列复合句) Particle (小品词up, down, in…)
The Referential Theory(指称论)---主张这一理论的代表人物是Plato（柏拉图）
Synonymy（同义词） is the technical name for the sameness relation.
Antonymy（反义词） is the name for oppositeness relation. Hyponymy(上下义关系) is a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate上位词) includes the meaning of another word(the hyponym下位词).
Cognitive Linguistics is a newly established approach to the study
of language that emerged in the 1970s as a recreation against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language. It refers to the branch of linguistics that interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, which underlie its forms. And it is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.
预设（preinstall）：利用语言进行交际时双方所共知的常识或根据句子的语境推断出来的信息。
Vernacular（本地语言）
句子类型：判断句子类型----简单句（下面都是简单句），复杂句（有从句或是非谓语那类），并列句（有并列连词的and, but, or）等
SV---The child is laughing. SVO---Mark caught the ball. SVC---Mary is kind/ a nurse. SVOC---We have proved him wrong. SVA---Mary is here/ in the house. SVOA---I put the plate on the table.
SVOO---She gives me expensive gifts.
What is meaning/sense? ---The word “meaning” itself has different meanings. G. Leech recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, as follows: Conceptual meaning, Connotative meaning, Social meaning, Affective meaning, Reflected meaning, Collocative meaning, and Thematic meaning. (这问题我也不知道)
形态规则Morphological Rules 词汇结构规则 lexical structure rules
短语结构规则 Phrase structure rules (这三个不知道怎么考，我没找到)