新prep逻辑笔记2
69. (25194-!-item-!-188;#058&001228)
Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning?
When species are extensively hunted, individuals that reach reproductive maturity early make up a larger proportion of the population, because they have a better chance of reproducing. When species face diminished food resources, on the other hand, individuals tend to take longer to reach reproductive maturity. These considerations may help settle whether the primary cause of the gradual disappearance of North America's mastodons, prehistoric animals related to elephants, was diminished food resources or human hunting, since __________. A. from the location of certain hunting weapons in juxtaposition with mastodon remains, it is possible to determine whether those weapons were used to hunt mastodons
B. the average age at which mastodons reached reproductive maturity can be established from mastodon tusks, of which there are many fossils dating from different periods
C. from the remains of mastodons already discovered, it can be accurately estimated when mastodons became extinct
D. from tusks and other bones, it is possible to determine whether male and female mastodons reached reproductive maturity at about the same age
E. it is possible to determine whether the earliest human dwellings constructed from mastodon tusks and bones come from an earlier period than the earliest hunting weapons unambiguously associated with mastodon remains
Practice Test #1 Critical Reasoning (54 Questions)
当物种被大规模猎杀的时候，他们成熟的早，繁殖的快；当他们缺少食物的时候，成熟的慢，繁殖的慢，这种理论可以用来判定北美M动物的消失是因为什么。问为什么？ B选项说我们可以通过M的化石来判定它们的年龄，如果成熟的早就是人杀的，如果成熟的晚就是食物缺乏
70. (33177-!-item-!-188;#058&007253)
Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increases in the price of cotton on the world market. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans, the price of which has long been stable, and to begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly at least over the next several years. Which of the following, if true, most calls into question the reasoning on which the plan is based?
A. The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several years and is expected to continue to climb.
B. Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infected cotton crops.
C. In the past several years there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for goods made out of cotton.
D. Many consumers consider cotton cloth a necessity rather than a luxury and would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they currently pay.
E. The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants.
害虫孳生导致棉花价格上升，而且棉花成熟的快，所以农民们都不种大豆了，都去棉花了，以便在未来几年增加收入。问削弱？ B选项说经过最新测试， 一种不贵而且有效的杀虫剂诞生了，既不影响环境又可以杀死棉花的害虫。言外之意是说，种棉花就没什么优势了。
71.
(31165-!-item-!-188;#058&006004)
In order to improve the long-term savings rate of its citizens, Levaska’s government has
decided to introduce special savings accounts. Citizens can save up to $3,000 a year in special accounts without having to pay tax on the interest, unless they withdraw money from the account before they reach the age of sixty-five. If they do withdraw any money before that age, they have to pay tax on the accumulated interest and a penalty.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously threatens the success of the government’s plan? A. The banks and financial institutions where the special accounts will be held lobbied hard for their introduction.
B. Nearly all workers in Levaska can already save money in tax-free accounts through their workplace.
C. For the past ten years, Levaskans have been depositing an ever smaller percentage of their income in long-term savings.
D. Many Levaskans continue to work beyond the age of sixty-five.
E. In certain circumstances, such as a serious illness, the government plans to waive the penalty on early withdrawals from the special accounts.
为了增加长期储蓄，政府决定设立一个特殊帐户，公民可以每年存3000美金而且不用交利息税，除非他们在65岁之前取出来，但是这要把之前累计的利息税交上而且有惩罚。问削弱？ B选项说L这个地方的所有公民已经开设了这样一个免税帐户。言下之意说政府这个特殊帐户没什么吸引力
72. (30176-!-item-!-188;#058&005083)
A study followed a group of teenagers who had never smoked and tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. After one year, the incidence of depression among those who had taken up smoking was four times as high as it was among those who had not. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. Participants who were depressed at the start of the study were no more likely to be smokers after one year than those who were not depressed.
B. The study did not distinguish between participants who smoked only occasionally and those who were heavy smokers.
C. Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants. D. Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study.
E. The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers.
一项关于研究青少年吸烟的调查显示，追踪那些吸烟的青少年的精神健康， 一年之后，那些吸烟的青少年比那些不吸烟的换上抑郁的要高出4倍， 因为尼古丁可以改变大脑的化学机制，从而影响青少年的精神健康，问支持？ A选项说参与这项调查的那些吸烟的孩子，在没吸烟之前并不比那些不吸烟的孩子更加容易患上抑郁症，意思是说大家都是一样的，确实是尼古丁造成的
73. (31495-!-item-!-188;#058&006365)
Advertisement: Ten years ago, the Cormond Hotel's lobby was carpeted with Duratex carpet while the lobby of a nearby hotel was being carpeted with our competitor's most durable carpet. Today, after a decade in which the two hotels have had similar amounts of foot traffic through their lobbies, that other hotel is having to replace the worn-out carpeting near its lobby entrances, whereas the Cormond's Duratex carpeting has years of wear left in it.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the advertisement's
evidence for concluding that Duratex carpet is more durable than the carpet of its competitor? A. The lobby of the Cormond Hotel has five different entrances, but the lobby of the other hotel has only two.
B. The carpet of the Cormond Hotel's lobby is not the most durable carpet that Duratex manufactures.
C. The other hotel has a popular restaurant that can be reached from outside without walking
through the hotel lobby.
D. The carpet that is being used to replace carpeting near the other hotel's lobby entrances is not Duratex carpet.
E. There is a third hotel near the other two that has not replaced the Duratex carpet in its lobby for more than 15 years.
10年前，C酒店铺上了D地毯在大厅，同时其他宾馆都用了其他的地毯。经过十年之后发现，在顾客人数一样多的情况下，其他宾馆的地毯已经被换了，而C宾馆的还没被换，说明D地毯，比其他地毯好和持久。问削弱？ A选项说C有5个大厅如果，其他的之后1个，意思说同样的顾客被分散走5个门，地毯的磨损程度肯定比只有1个门的磨损要少，所以不能得出结论。
74. (28254-!-item-!-188;#058&002906)
Comcorp Shipping Clerk: Last week, no shipments of building supplies were sent out on Friday. The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday, and each of those specially ordered shipments consisted entirely of building supplies. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, none of which consisted of building supplies.
If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true? A. All of Comcorp’s shipments of building supplies last week were specially ordered.
B. None of Comcorp’s shipments sent on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction. C. None of the shipments sent by Comcorp to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
D. None of Comcorp’s shipments sent on Thursday of last week was sent to Truax Construction. E. All of Comcorp’s shipments of building supplies last week were sent out on Thursday.
NO BS ---周五； 5 SS----周四； SS属于BS；
4个S被送到T，没一个BS
Conclude：B选项，没有BS就肯定没有SS，因为SS属于BS，所以周四送给T的S都不是SS
75. (30082-!-item-!-188;#058&004831)
Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the reasoning in the passage?
Kernland’s government restricts the export of unprocessed cashew nuts in order to ensure a low-cost supply for domestic processing plants. Though the policy constrains farm income and limits the number of farmers who can profitably grow cashews, the government defends it on the grounds that, since the processing plants are in urban areas, removing the restrictions would hurt efforts to reduce urban unemployment. However, the policy may actually have contributed to urban unemployment, since __________.
A. a lack of profitable crops is driving many small cashew farmers in Kernland off their land and into the cities
B. some of the by-products of cashew processing are used as raw materials by other industries located in Kernland’s cities
C. the government does not place similar restrictions on the export of any crop other than cashews
D. the income earned by workers in the processing plants is generally greater than that earned by agricultural laborers in rural areas
E. without governmental aid in some form, Kernland’s cashew processing plants would not be able to compete for sales in world markets
K政府决定禁止出国腰果， 用来确保本国的加工生产。但是这样的限制政策会限制农民的收入。但是政府反驳说，取消限制会增加失业率。但是实际上这项政策却增加了失业率，因为？ A缺少收入的大量农民会涌入到城市，所以变相增加了失业率
76. (30649-!-item-!-188;#058&005626)
In response to mounting public concern, an airplane manufacturer implemented a program with the well-publicized goal of reducing by half the total yearly amount of hazardous waste generated by its passenger-jet division. When the program began in 1994, the division's
hazardous waste output was 90 pounds per production worker; last year it was 40 pounds per production worker. Clearly, therefore, charges that the manufacturer's program has not met its goal are false.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The amount of nonhazardous waste generated each year by the passenger-jet division has not increased significantly since 1994.
B. At least as many passenger jets were produced by the division last year as had been produced in 1994.
C. Since 1994, other divisions in the company have achieved reductions in hazardous waste output that are at least equal to that achieved in the passenger-jet division.
D. The average number of weekly hours per production worker in the passenger-jet division was not significantly greater last year than it was in 1994.
E. The number of production workers assigned to the passenger-jet division was not significantly less in 1994 than it was last year.
为了减少乘客顾虑，飞机制造商决定实施一个计划来每年减少一半的废物排放。1994年计划开始的时候，每个工人产生90磅废物，去年是40磅每人，很显然制造商的计划没成功的结论是错误的。问depends？ E选项说生产的工人没有比1994年的时候明显变少。如果人数没少，每个人的排放量减少了一倍以上，确实总量减少了一半。
77. (30553-!-item-!-188;#058&005527)
Citizens of Parktown are worried by the increased frequency of serious crimes committed by local teenagers. In response, the city government has instituted a series of measures designed to keep teenagers at home in the late evening. Even if the measures succeed in keeping teenagers at home, however, they are unlikely to affect the problem that concerns citizens, since most crimes committed by local teenagers take place between 3 p.m. and 6 p.m. Which of the following, if true, most substantially weakens the argument?
A. Similar measures adopted in other places have failed to reduce the number of teenagers on the streets in the late evening.
B. The crimes committed by teenagers in the afternoon are mostly small thefts and inconsequential vandalism.
C. Teenagers are much less likely to commit serious crimes when they are at home than when they are not at home.
D. Any decrease in the need for police patrols in the late evening would not mean that there could be more intensive patrolling in the afternoon.
E. The schools in Parktown have introduced a number of after-school programs that will be available to teenagers until 6 p.m. on weekday afternoons.
P地方的居民越来越担心日益增加的青少年严重犯罪。为了应对，政府决定制定一个措施，禁止孩子们晚上外出，即使这项措施得以顺利实施，但是还是起不到什么作用，因为大多数当地青少年犯罪在3点-6点。问削弱？ B选项说那些在下午的犯罪其实都是一些小偷小摸以及一些不重要的损毁公物，注意文章说了削减的是严重犯罪，所以小犯罪其实也是满足了条件。
78. (32009-!-item-!-188;#058&006754)
Kitchen magazine plans to license the use of its name by a line of cookware. For a magazine, licensing the use of its name for products involves some danger, since if the products disappoint consumers, the magazine's reputation suffers, with consequent reductions in circulation and advertising. However, experts have evaluated the cookware and found it superior to all other cookware advertised in Kitchen. Therefore, Kitchen can collect its
licensing fee without endangering its other revenues. The argument above assumes which of the following?
A. No other line of cookware is superior to that which will carry the Kitchen name.
B. Kitchen will not license the use of its name for any products other than the line of cookware. C. Makers of cookware will not find Kitchen a less attractive advertising vehicle because the magazine's name is associated with a competing product.
D. Consumers who are not regular readers of Kitchen magazine will be attracted to the cookware by the Kitchen name.
E. Kitchen is one of the most prestigious cooking-related magazines.
厨房杂志计划在一种炉子上注册上自己的名字。但是这是有风险的，因为如果这种产品另消费者失望，杂志的声望就会受到损害，从而减少发行和广告。但是专家评估这种炉子是同种里面最好的，因此杂志可以收取注册费又不会危害到自己。问depends？ C选项说炉子制造商不会发现K杂志是一个缺乏吸引力的广告载体，因为杂志的名字和别的产品联系在一起。意思是说以后有类似的产品也标上杂志的名字，他们不会介意
79. (32057-!-item-!-188;#058&006758)
The country of Baurisia has, until now, been self-sufficient in both grain and meat. However, with growing prosperity in Baurisia has come a steadily increasing per capita consumption of meat, and it takes several pounds of grain to produce one pound of meat. Therefore, since per capita income in Baurisia is almost certain to rise further but increases in domestic grain production are highly unlikely, Baurisia is soon likely to become an importer of grain. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. When people increase their consumption of meat, they also tend to increase their consumption of grain.
B. The per capita consumption of meat in Baurisia is roughly the same across all income levels. C. Per capita consumption of meat has not increased substantially in recent years in those countries from which Baurisia is likely to import meat.
D. It is more economical for Baurisians to import meat than grain.
E. During Baurisia's years of growing prosperity, the country's population has remained relatively stable.
B国家是一个自给自足的国家，在肉和粮食上。然而随着增长的人均增长的消费肉类的比例，好几磅粮食才能转换成一磅肉。因此人们的人均收入增加但是国内的粮食生产却没增加。所以B国家很快会进口粮食。问削弱？ D选项说其实直接进口肉比进口粮食便宜，所以还是直接进口肉吧
80. (29100-!-item-!-188;#058&003474)
Given that employees of the XYZ Company could, in theory, do their work at home, the
company developed a radical plan to increase efficiency: eliminate office-space expenditures by having employees work at home. To evaluate this plan, XYZ’s managers asked volunteers from the company’s staff to try the arrangement for six months. There were several
volunteers; significantly, their productivity during this period was as high as or higher than before.
Which of the following, if true, would argue most strongly against deciding, on the basis of the trial results, to implement the company’s plan?
A. The employees who agreed to participate in the test of the plan were among the company’s most self-motivated and independent workers.
B. The savings that would accrue from reduced office-space expenditures alone would be sufficient to justify implementation of the plan apart from any productivity increases.
C. Other companies that have achieved successful results from work-at-home plans have work forces that are substantially larger than that of XYZ.
D. The volunteers who worked at home were able to communicate with other employees as necessary for performing the work.
E. Recent changes in the way work is organized at XYZ’s company offices have not brought