在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、行为方式状语、比较状语、让步状语等多种。 II． 例题
例1、 _______ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business. A. If B. Whether C. Even if D. No matter when
解析：该题答案为B。whether可以和or连用，if不可以，此外if一般仅用于宾语从句。
例2、The way _______ these comrades look at problems is wrong. A. where B. in that C.X D. with which
解析：该题答案为C，先行词是way，定语从句中用that或 in which来引导或不填。
例3， ____a long time since I saw you last time. A．It was B. It is C. It had been D. It can be
解析：该题答案为B，It is +时间数+ since引导的从句是一个句型，意为\从…时候以来过了多久了。\（十三）主谓一致 I． 要点
谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义上一致和就近一致。
1、语法上一致
（1）、以单数名词或代词，动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数，主语为复数时，谓语用复数，如， To work hard is necessary for a student.
（2）、用and或both……and连接的并列主语，谓语动词用复数，如， Both he and I are right.
但并列主语如果指的是同一人，同一事物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，如, His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.
（3）、主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有as well as, but ,except, besides, with ,along with, together with, like等，谓语动词仍用单数，如， The teacher as well as his students is excited.
（4）、某些不定代词，如做主语，谓语动词要用单数，如:Everyone has a book.
（5）、一些只有复数形式的名词，如people, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语
动词要用复数，如，A lot of people are dancing outside.
2、意义上一致
（1）、表时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，如，
Twenty years is not a long time.
（2）、表示总称意义的名词public, police, cattle, clothes等作主语时，谓语动词用复数，如，
People are talking about the accident.
（3）、有些集合名词，如family, team等作主语，如作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数，如指其中每个成员，则用复数，如， My family is a big one. My family are watching TV.
3、邻近一致
用连词or, either……or, neither……nor, whether……or, not only…but also,等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，则谓语动词按就近一致原则，与最靠近它的主语一致，如， Either you or I am mad. II．例题
例1、 The chemical works _______ where my father has worked for thirty years in 1949.
A. was built B. were built C. is built D. are built
解析：该题答案为A。works形式上是复数，意思上是单数，因此谓语动词用单数，类似的还有news, maths, politics, physics.
例2、They each _______ a copy of the new physics. A. have B. has C. having D. gets
解析：该题答案为A。They each不等于each of …, each of 这个词组作主语谓语用单数如each of the students hands in their homework，而they each作主语，谓语要随each前面的词来变化。 英语语法知识难点（四） （十四）倒装
I．要点
按\主语+谓语\这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序，如果变为\谓语（或谓语的一部分）+主语\，就是倒装语序。
1、全部倒装
（1）there be 句型
There is going to be a meeting. There is a book on the table.
（2）here, there, now, then, in, out等副词置于句首时，主谓倒装，但如果主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不倒装，如， Here comes the bus. Here he comes.
（3）直接引语的部分或全部位于句首时，有时也用倒装，如， \
（4）为保持句子平衡，强调表语或状语，使上下文紧密衔接时须完全倒装，如，In front of the house sat a small boy. 2、部分倒装
（1）so, neither, nor置于句首说明与前者情况一致时，如， I like swimming, so does my brother.
（2）only +状语放在句首，如， Only through this method can we win. Only in this way can we do the work well.
（3）含有否定意义的词置于句首，如，Hardly, scarcely, not, seldom, no sooner, never, little, at no time, in no way, no more等，如， Never had I heard that. Little did I know about this.
（4）以often, so +形容词或副词开头的句子，如， So heavy is the box that he cannot carry it.
（5）用于省略if的虚拟条件句中，将had, were, should提前，如， Were I you, I wouldn't do that. Had he come, we would have won.
（6）用于某些表示祝愿的句中，如， May you be happy for ever. II．例题
例1、Not only ____ this machine but ____ it.
A. can he run……can he repair B. can he run……he can repair C. he can run……he can repair D. he can run……can he repair
解析：该题答案为B，在not only……but (also)句型中，只有but前面的部分倒
装，but后面仍是正常语序。
例2、____, it is quite easy to drill a hole in it with laser（激光）. A. Hard although the diamond B. Hard as the diamond is C. As the diamond is hard D. Has hard is the diamond
解析：该题答案为B，在让步状语从句中，从属连词as可以表示though，但要用倒装语序。
例3、Only in this way ____ to improve the situation there.
A. can you hope B. you can hope C. hope can D. you hope
解析：该题答案为A， only和它所修饰的状语一起置于句首时，须用倒装。 （十五）it 与there be的用法 I．要点
1、it的用法
（1）用作人称代词，代替前文提到的无生命的事物，动植物、婴儿及指示代词this, that，如，
I have a new pen. It is beautiful.
The Browns have a new baby. It's cute.
（2）用来表示时间、天气、距离等，如， It's twelve o'clock now. It's fine today.
（3）用作引导词，代替由不定式，ing形式或从句表示的真正的主语或宾语，如，
It's no good telling him that. It's necessary for you to do so.
（4）用在强调结构中，构成强调句式：It is/was +被强调部分+that/who/whom +句子其余部分，可强调除谓语以外的句子其他成分，如， It was this morning that I saw him in the street. It was I who saw him in the street this morning. It was in the street that I saw him this morning. It was him whom I saw in the street this morning.
2、there be句型
英语表示某时某处或某物时，常用there be句型，这是一种倒装结构，如， There are a lot of students playing on the ground. There is going to be a test this afternoon.
当主语有两个或两个以上时，动词be常和最近的那个主语取得一致，如， There is a pen and three pencils in the pencil-box.
There isn't a desk, a bench and three chairs in the room. There are lots of people like it, aren't there?
there be句型，谓语动词除be之外，还可用其他表示存在，位置移动等意义的不及物动词或词组，如exist, stand, lie, enter, come, happen to be, appear to be等，如，
There stands a house at the foot of the hill.
there be句型表示\存在\而have表\有\、\拥有\，所以there be中 be不能换成have，但当have表示事物的特征时，可用\主语+have\结构替换there be 句型，如：
There are five doors in the house. The house has five doors. there be 的其它句型：
1、There must be a meeting in the office.
2、There have been great changes since 1979. 3、There being no bus, we had to walk home. I． 例题
例１ ____ that he went to sleep.
A It was until midnight B That was until midnight C It was not until midnight D That was not until midnight
解析：该题答案为C。强调until结构时，要将否定词not移到until前。又如：He didn't leave until twelve 改为It was not until twelve that he left. 例２ There are a lot of students ____ in the class room. A talk B talking C talked D to talk
解析：该题正确答案为B。 There be句型为倒装句，可换为A lot of students are talking in the class room. 又如：There is a lot of noise heard out in the street. （十六）省略 I．要点
有时为了避免重复，使语言简练紧凑，在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下，往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语。
１、 固定习惯用词。如： No smoking! Thanks s lot!等。
2. 简单句中的省略
（１） 口语中，一、二、三人称的主语，有时还包括谓语都可以省略。如：（It is）Nice to see you!