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But why their little babies still can?t understand them? Why? Does it mean that they still want more material (物质的)things? No. As a matter of fact, what they want is a true family. What does a true family mean? I think it means a place where we can hide ourselves from the outside cold world. From here, we can get warmth, we can get consolation(安慰), and we can get happiness. And one important thing is that we should be stronger and more confident(自信的) in the outside world because we know that we have a family.
So I think that parents should save their money and sit down to talk with their child to let them know that they have a true family, so the child and his parents could understand each other more and more. Then, no boy will be regarded as a little boy.
阅读短文, 回答问题。
1. What are always like in our parents? eyes?
____________________________________________
2. What do parents expect of us when they give us so much? __________________________________________ 3. Do children want a true family? What does a true family mean? ___________________________________________ 4. How can parents no longer regard us as little children? _______________________________________________
(选自2003年扬州市中考试题) (Keys: 1. In their eyes, we are always little ones (children) and always do wrong things. 2. They only want us to give them good results in the examinations/exam. 或Good results in the examinations/exam. 3. Yes. I think it means a place where we can hide ourselves from the outside cold world. 或Yes. It is a place from where we can get warmth, we can get consolation, and we can get happiness. 4. They can talk with us and we can understand each other more and more.) c. 其他
随着中学英语考试的不断发展，阅读理解传统的命题方式不断地暴露出它的局限性。为了迎合素质教育的要求，在近几年的中考英语试题中，出现了一些既考查知识又考查能力，而且形式新颖的“阅读理解”试题类型。例如：
I
Most people in Britain live in small family groups. More than a quarter of houses in Britain have only got one person in them. Some of these are old people but some are people of twenty to thirty who choose to live alone. 35% of houses have two people in them, and another 17% have three people. 15% have four people in them, and the other homes have five or more…
1. According to the passage，which of the diagrams is right. (节选自浙江丽水市2002年中考试题) (Keys: 1. A)
分析：本篇阅读材料采用了文字叙述与数字图形相结合的方式，形式新颖，别具一格。尤其值得称道的是，该小题将文字阅读与数学坐标进行有效结合，很好地体现了不同学科间知识的相互渗透，符合当今素质教育的发展和要求，是非常值得借鉴的，也是未来命题的趋势之一。
III
阅读下面的短文，把A—E五个句子填入文中空缺处(50— 54)，使短文内容完整正确，然后完成第55题。
Plants are important living things. Life could not go on if there were no plants.
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50 But animals and men can't make food from them. 51 Men live on plants and animals too. So animals and men need plants to live. 52 If you look carefully at the plants around you, you will find there are many kinds of plants. 53 Most plants are green. Some plants have many small leaves; others have only a few large leaves. 54 They are different in shapes(形状)and colors.
Except having different shapes and colors, leaves are also different in other ways. Some leaves have short stalks(叶柄)while others have long ones, some others have no stalks at all.
A. That is why we find there are so many plants around us. B. There are many kinds of leaves.
C. Animals get their food by eating plants and other animals.
D. This is because plants can make food from air，water，and sunlight. E. Some plants are large while others are small. 55. Which is the best title(题目)for this passage? (略)
(节选自河北省2002年中考试题) (Keys: 50—54 D C A E B) 分析：从表面上来看，这道阅读理解题只是将五个备选句子填入短文中的空缺处。然而，考生只有在透彻理解短文的基础上，弄清上下文之间的关系，才能做出正确的选择。其命题实质上就是在语篇中考查学生上下文衔接的能力。
IV
阅读下面的短文，根据所给语境，按要求完成下面的题目。
Fresh (淡的)water is very important to people, animals, and plants. (82)If there is no water, we all could not live.
Many places in the world need more fresh water.(83)Every country is trying to find ways to turn salt water into fresh water.
In some places,(84)the sun is not hot enough, or it doesn't shine every day. In such places, (85)heating (加热), ways, sea water, used, can, other, be, of. These ways cost more money, but they work faster than the sun. By boiling(煮沸)sea water with high heat, a lot of fresh water can be made quickly. (86)但加热不是用海水制淡水的唯一方法。Other ways are tried. One way is freezing(冷冻). The fresh part of salt water freezes first. To get fresh water, the bits of ice are taken out. (87)哪种方法最佳？The one that gives the most water for the least money. It may be a different way for each place. A. 将82处的复合句改写成简单句。 82._________________________
B. 将83、84两处的英文翻译成汉语。 83. _________________________ 84. _________________________
C. 将85处斜体部分的单词组成一个句子。 85. _________________________
D. 将86、87两处的汉语译成英文。 86. _________________________ 87. _________________________
(节选自湖北鄂州市2002年中考试题) (Keys: 82. We all couldn't live without water. 83. 各个国家都在设法寻找用海水制淡水的方法。(各个国家都在设法寻找将海水转化为淡水的方法。) 84. 太阳光热不很充足，或者不是每天都有阳光。 85. Other ways of heating
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seawater can be used. 86. But heating isn't the only way to get fresh water from salt water. (or…to turn salt water into fresh water) 87. Which way is the best?)
分析：看上去这是一道阅读理解题，其实它是一篇集阅读、词法、句法、翻译于一体的综合性题目，是对考生读、写、译综合水平的检测。此题充分体现了语言的综合性、应用性等特点，具有很强的创新性和导向性。
从考查内容上来看，“阅读理解”题目的设疑方式主要有以下几种： a. 查找事实、细节型
这类题目主要包括事实识别、有关计算、识图、排列顺序等。一般地，这类题目可以直接从短文中找到可用的信息。这些问题一般都涉及到文章的“5W”，即 who(人物)，when(时间)，where(地点)， what(事件)，why(原因)，how(方式)等。题目设计大多直截了当。只要通读全文，注意文中所述的重要事实或细节，就可以做出正确解答。以图表材料命制的题目更是如此。例如：
03?年山东省烟台市中考“阅读理解”短文(D)中有下面这样一段话：
He/She should have an interest in making pizza. More importantly, he/she should have work experience in a restaurant.
针对这段文字，文后设有这样一道题：
The ad (广告) tells us that ____________________. A. the assistant must be a man.
B. the assistant must have once worked in a restaurant. C. Pucci Pizza has branches all over China. D. Pucci Pizza is not in Taichung.
【分析】本小题选项B的意思是“要招聘的这个人必须曾在饭馆工作过”。即要具有一定的从事餐饮业的经验。这与原文中叙述的事实“More importantly, he/she should have work experience in a restaurant.”相比较，形式上虽不大一样，但其内涵却完全相同。如果考生准确地理解了短文中的这句话，问题即可迎刃而解。
又如03?年广东省中考“阅读理解”短文(C)篇中有这样一句话：
In the past, there were forests all around Lake Ponkapog, so the rainwater was clean. 短文后的题目是： In the past Lake Ponkapog was surrounded by ________. A. fish B. rain C. birds D. forests 【分析】题目所要问的是“Lake Ponkapog四周过去被什么东西所环绕？” 而阅读材料中已用There be句型表达出了这层意思，句式不同，却有异曲同工之妙。
b. 理解词句或句子含义型
结合具体的语境，正确理解单词、词组或句子在阅读材料中的确切含义，是阅读理解能力的一个重要方面。有些词句，虽然未曾学过，但可通过上下文语境推测其含义，有些词虽然不是生词，但在具体的语言环境中已被赋予了特定的、新的含义。例如：
03?年广东省中考“阅读理解”短文(C)中有这样一道题涉及猜测词义：
Now there are many houses around the lake. People often use chemicals in their gardens. They use other chemicals inside their houses for cleaning or killing insects (昆虫). There are also many businessmen. Businessmen use chemicals in their machines or shops.
短文后的第66小题是：
“Chemicals” in the story means ______.A. 化学家 B. 污染品 C. 药品 D. 化学制品 【分析】单从“People often use chemicals in their gardens.”这句话是不大容易猜测出该词的意思的。然而这个词在这个段落中接连出现了三次。第一次是说人们常在花园里使用它，
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第二次人们在清理房间或杀死昆虫时在屋子里使用它，第三次是说商人们还将其用于机器或在车间中使用。由此，A项和B项明显是错误的。C项具有较大的迷惑性，不过根据“Businessmen use chemicals in their machines or shops.”可知它是不恰当的。
c. 逻辑推理型
这类题目的答案在原文中是不能直接找到的，必须抓住文中相关信息，顺藤摸瓜，进行有理有据的分析、归纳和推理，才能找出答案。有时需要透彻理解作者的双关语和弦外之音等。
(a)根据常识推断
很多短文所设计的题目往往与其它方面的常识相关联，有时需结合或根据已有的常识做出判断。比如解答科学小品文的题目可能要用到物理或化学方面的知识，解答跟自然科学有关的题目可能要用到地理、生物方面的知识等。靠这些知识的帮助，往往能快速做出解答，至少可以更加准确地理解短文。例如：
One day we invited some friends to dinner. When it was about six o?clock, my wife found that we had little bread. So she asked our five-year-old daughter, Kathy, to buy some. One day, Kathy?s parents invited some friends to ________. A. have breakfast B. have lunch C. have supper D. have a party
【分析】由文中“One day we invited some friends to dinner.”一句可知，主人要宴请客人吃饭，所以D项(聚会)不合文意，先予以排除。但是在早(breakfast)，午(lunch)，晚(supper)三餐中，却未明确指出到底请客人吃哪一顿饭。英语中对“dinner”一词的解释是：main meal of the day, whether eaten at midday or in the evening. 这样可以将A项排除。至于是B还是C，仍然不能确定。再看下文中的“When it was about six o?clock…”，显然，快六点了，主人尚未准备就绪。根据生活常识，这里的无疑是下午六点钟，再结合“一日三餐”这一常识，他们请客人吃的只能是晚饭，所以可以推断出正确答案是C。
(b)根据计算判断
有些题目需根据短文的意思进行数字运算。中考的“阅读理解”中的数据推算并不要求高深的数学知识。在有关数据推算的试题中，根据短文所提供的数据进行必要的运算时，所涉及的数学知识一般都比较简单，关键在于准确理解原文的含义。例如：
03?年安徽芜湖中考“阅读理解”短文(D)中有这样一道题涉及数据运算：
If the population of Beijing grows to fifteen million by 2008, how many people will probably be able to speak English? About _________. A. 15,000,000 B. 4,500,000 C. 3,000,000 D. 1,500,000 阅读材料中的原文是：In five years the percentage (比例) of Beijing residents who can speak English will be raised to around 30 percent from 15 percent now. 【分析】原文中提到：五年之后，会说英语的北京居民的比例将会由现在的15%提升到30%。试卷所提的问题是：如果到2008年北京的人口达到15,000,000，会说英语的人将会有多少？尽管短文中没有提到这个数据，但根据题意不难推算15,000,000×30%=4,500,000
所以答案为B。
(c)根据逻辑关系推断
根据短文中的基本事实、故事情节发展的逻辑关系(如时间、因果、条件、比较、转折、让步等，)进行深层的理解，并在此基础上进行题目的理解。在逻辑判断题中，这部分题目是比较难做的。例如：
We are in the computer age. We often see computers at work. They are especially usefully in automatic control, data processing (数据处理) and solving complicated problems. And they are
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finding their way into the home. The part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day.
More and clever computers will continue to appear. They will run faster, have more functions and work much more skillfully. They will take over more tasks from us, helping to change the face of our world. Some people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us.
However…
Which of the following will best continue the third paragraph? A. Computers will soon stop developing. B. Many people like computers very much. C. Computers are as cleverer as man.
D. I do not think computers will replace us completely.
【分析】显然，本文采用了对比的方式来表达自己对电脑的看法。前面描写了计算机的优点，但作者用however一词预示自己将引出相反的观点，故答案为D。
d. 归纳主旨型
这类题目要求考生在理解全文大意的基础上，对短文做出总结或概括性的评价。这种题目要求考生不仅能确切把握文中的事实和细节，而且更要透彻理解短文主旨。有的时候还要求对作者写作的意图、观点进行剖析，甚至推测作者的语气、态度等。在表现形式上常采用下列句式：
From the story, we can say/see _________.
According to (根据) the passage, we know that ____________. The title (标题) of the passage / can be _______________. The writer tells us _________.
From the story we can see ／learn__________. The main idea of this passage is ___________. What is this passage about？ 请看下面的例文：
Have you ever heard your own voice? “Of course,” you say.
Has anyone else ever heard your voice? Again you say, “Of course.”
But that?s not quite true. Nobody else has ever heard your voice—the way you hear it. When you talk, you set up sound waves (声波). The air outside your head carries the sound waves to your outer ears. But, of course, the sound of your voice begins inside your head. The bones (骨头) of your head pick up the sound waves, too. They carry the sound waves straight to your inner(里面的) ears. You get the sound from the outside and the inside too. Other people get just the sound waves from the outside. That?s why they don?t hear your voice the way you do.
1. Sound travels in the form (形式) of __________. A. bones B. air C. waves D. voice
2. The sound of your voice begins ________. A. inside your head B. outside your head C. in your inner ears D. in your outer ears
3. When you talk, other people hear your voice _______. A. through the bones of your head B. from the outside C. from the inside D. all of the above
4. The phrase “pick up” here means ________. A. to raise B. to get C. to choose D. to pull
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