过去分词的用法
一、过去分词作定语用法（Past Participles Used as Attributes）
过去分词作定语，在语态上，表被动；在时间上，表示动作已经发生或完成，与它所修饰的名词有逻辑（意义）上的动宾关系。过去分词作定语表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，已经完成并具有被动意义。有时也不表示时间性。作定语的过去分词一般由及物动词变来，因为只有及物动词才有被动意义。 He is a teacher loved by his students.
也有用不及物动词的过去分词作定语的情况，一般作前置定语，它不表示被动意义，只表示主动意义，强调动作完成。不能像及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面作定语。例如：
Fallen leaves retired workers the risen sun 注意一下几点：
1. 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。例如： We needed much more qualified workers. My friend is a returned student. 单个分词也可以作后置定语，用以强调动作。 They decided to change the material used.
2. 过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面，作后置定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
=The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.)
3. 如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词做定语，也要放在被修饰词的后面。 Is there anything unsolved?
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
4. 单个过去分词前加一名词或副词，常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词，放在其修饰的名词前，作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体，所加的副词表示方式、时间、程度、性质等：This is a state-owned factory. This is our school-run factory.
二、过去分词做表语
作表语的过去分词主要来自及物动词,在主-系-表句型中, 总是在连系动词如：be, appear, feel, remain, seem, look等之后，说明主语所处的一种状态。You seem frightened. The children looked puzzled.
少数不及物动词(如go, come, set)的过去分词也能作表语,但它们不表示被动意义,只是表示动作完成。They are gone for vacation.
注意与be连用时，要注意区分是“系表结构”还是“被动语态”。作表语的过去分词表示状态，而被动语态中的过去分词表示动作。 The glass is broken. The glass was broken by Tom.
说明:作表语用的过去分词表示主语的特点或所处的状态,强调主谓关系。这种结构中的过去分词前可加quite, very, rather等修饰词。系动词可有多种,表示不同的意义;被动语态表示动作,强调动宾关系,绝大多数被动结构中的行为执行者还可以用by短语来表示。 三、过去分词作宾补的用法
过去分词作宾补时，过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。过去分词作宾补表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动作。 能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类： 1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。I heard the song sung in English. He found his hometown greatly changed.
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2. 表示“致使”意义的动词。如：have, make, get, keep, leave等。 I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.
3. 表示“希望”、“要求”意义的动词。如：like, order, want, wish等。I would like this matter settled at once.
I wish my homework finished before five o'clock.
注意：1. 使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况。
第一，过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。如：He had his money stolen. 第二，过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历。 He had his leg broken.
3. 过去分词在原句中作宾补时，如果原句变为被动语态，那么过去分词就在新句中作主补了。如：The big fire is reported controlled.
The meeting room was found thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order. 四、过去分词做作状语
I．过去分词作状语所表示的意义：
过去分词用作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随等，多数情况下相当于一个省略了连词、主语和动词be的状语从句（例句1）。其逻辑主语一般和句子的主语一致，在大多数情况下有被动的含义。它多放在句首，有时也可放在句后或句中。 过去分词作状语可分为：
一般式 (done) 表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。 完成式 (having been done) 强调分词动作发生在谓语动作之前。
Scolded (As she was scolded) by the teacher, the girl sat there without lifting her head. II．过去分词作状语时的具体用法： 1．过去分词作时间状语从句。
Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, he lowered his head. 2．过去分词作原因状语从句。
Frightened (=Because / As she was frightened) by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone. 3．过去分词作条件状语从句。
Grown (If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. Given (If we were given) more time, we could do it better. 4．过去分词作让步状语从句。
Left (Although he was left) at home, John didn't feel afraid at all. 5．过去分词作状语表示伴随动作或状态。
The teacher entered the classroom, (and he was) followed by a group of students. 注意：
1）过去分词做状语（表原因，让步，时间，结果。。。。） 过去分词与主句的主语是动宾关系，即过去分词与主语是被动关系。
The teacher came into classroom into the lab, followed by some students. The students came into classroom, following the teacher
2）过去分词的主语与从句的主语不一致，过去分词用独立的结构。其过去分词前面也要带上主语。
All things considered, her paper is of great value than yours. all things 和 her paper 不是同一个主语
从上面中，我们可以看到，things 与her paper 不是同一个主语.所以过去分词前的主语不能省略
3）连词加分词作状语
有时分词可以用连词加以强调。连词while常接现在分词；when接现在分词或过去分词
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均可；once, if, though, although, even if, even though, unless, than, as (像)等后面只能接过去分词。
When told of the news, she got very excited. I won’t go to the party unless invited. Though surrounded, they didn’t give up.
【典型例题】
1.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 【答案】C 考查宾语补足语的用法
【点拨】此考题的主句是：The managers discussed the plan检测点在其后的定语从句中，在这个定语从句里，they是其主语，would like to see 是其复合谓语，that修饰的是先行词the plan，同时that也是see的宾语，the plan是被执行的，被实施的，只有过去分词可以表示被动，所以C项的carried out 是正确答案
2. The computer center, ______ last year, is very popular among the students. A. open B.opening C.having opened D. opened 【答案】 D该题的考察目标为过去分词作定语的用法。
【点拨】句子中computer center与open之间为被动关系。此外open作及物动词时意思为“打开，开张，开办，开设”，强调动作，不侧重状态，鼓不用形容词性的open。B、C为现在分词，不符合题意。据此判定正确答案应为D 【实战演练】
1. I fell down and broke three of my teeth. I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth _______.
A. fix B. fixing C. fixed D. to fix
2. He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting 3. The visit _____ to Guilin is worth remembering for ever.
A. paid B. paying C. to pay D. being paid
4. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone ______ to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that ______. A. adding; turns on B. to have added; turn up
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C. to add; turns down D. added; turns out 5. When I entered his office, I saw a gun ______ on the wall.
A. fasten B. fastened C. fastening D. to fasten
6. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 7. When I got there, I found the farm tools _______.
A. having repaired B. repaired C. repairing D. be repairing 8----How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? ----The key ___the problem is to meet the demand ___ by the customers. A. to solving, making B. to solving, made C. to solve, making D. to solve ,made
9.You should understand the traffic rule by now. You've had it ___often enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained 10.----There is a hole in your bag?
----I know. I'm going to have it __________.
A. mend B. mending C.mended D. to be mended 参考答案 1-10 CDADB CBDDC
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