§57 at school/ in school/ in a (the) school
Ⅰ. at school表示“在学校、在上学”相对于在家里或在校外。如： ① My son is at school now. He is not at home or somewhere else. 我儿子现在在学校，他不在
家，也不在别的地方。 ② When my brother was at school, he studied very hard. 在学校时，我兄弟学习很用功。 Ⅱ. in school “在求学、在上学”相对于有工作。如：
My daughter still in school She doesn?t work.。 我女儿还在上学，她不在工作。
[注]：①和②用at school 强调所在场所或时间。③中的in school 则强调主语的身份是学生。因此，in school. 和 at school的着重点不一样，通常不互换使用。 Ⅲ. In a / the school “在学校”，不一定指上学。类似的还有：
in hospital “生病住院”
in a / the hospital表“在医院”（工作或探视病人等）
at table “在吃饭”
① ① ② ③
at a / the table “在桌边”(有可能在聊天或看报）
Is your friend in school? 你的朋友在上学吗？
Your friend looked for you in the school just now. 刚才你的朋友在学校里找你。 Children are often in hospital when they are young. 孩子们小的时候经常生病住院。 She is a good doctor in the hospital .她是医院里的一名好大夫。
§58 at the beginning/ at the beginning of/ in the beginning
Ⅰ. at the beginning 和 in the beginning都可表“起初、开始、原先”之意。两者间没有明显的区别，通常可互换。如： ① You?ll find it difficult to learn Russian at the beginning. 起初，你会觉得俄语很难。 ② In the beginning I didn?t know this.开始我不知道这事。 Ⅱ. 若表当今世界的开头，则必须用in the beginning eg:
In the beginning there were no men nor animals nor plants.在盘古开天辟地时，既没有人，也没有 动植物。
Ⅲ. at the beginning of “在??之初”， 其后通常 接表时间，事件或其它意义的名词，其反义词组为at the end of. 如： ① At the beginning of 1975 he came back to China. 1975年初，他回到了中国。。 ② This adverb can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence.这副词也可以放在句子的
开头。
§59 at the top of/ on the top of
Ⅰ. at the top of “在??顶点上、在??上”。At 表示点，在句子中用作状语，反义短语常为 at the bottom of “在??底部”；
on (the) top of 中的on 表示部位上的接触，意思是“在??之上、在??上面”。反义短语常为at the foot of “在??脚底下”。如： ① He shouted at the top of his voice. 他高声地叫喊。 ② He is at the top of the class.他居全班之首位。 ③ Will you please put this box on (the) top of the books.请你这个盒子放在那些书的上面好
吗？
§60 at/ beside/ by/ near
Ⅰ. at “靠近”往往动作联系，意味着有目的、有意识的靠近，而by, beside, near只意味着就“靠近”而言。如： ① He sat at the desk. He wanted to read, 他坐到桌边，想看书。 Ⅱ. beside “在??旁边”；by = just at the side of “就在旁边”。两者一般可通用。但by 比beside语势较强些，并多用于日常用语中。如： ① There is a hospital beside / by the river. 河边有一家医院。
[注]：指“在某人身边”时，常多用beside. Eg: ① The little boy is standing beside his mother. Ⅲ. near “在??附近”或“离??不远”，它表示的距离要比by / beside 来得远些。如： ① We live near the sea.我们住在海边。（表离海边有些距离） ② We live by / beside the sea.我们就住在海边。（表海就在身边）。
§61 at/ in
Ⅰ. at 和 in 都可用在地点名词前，用at 时是把该地方视为一点，用in时则是把该地方看成一个范围。如： ① Are your classmates playing in the park? 你的同学都在公园里玩吗？ ② They are waiting for you at the park. 他们在公园附近（里面）等你。
Ⅱ. at; in & on 都可用在表时间的名词前。在点时间前用at; 在表某一天或某一天的某个段时间（morning, evening, day, night atc）名词前，用on; 在段时间名词前（星期；年；月；周等）用in. 如： ① I?ll meet you at eight. 我们8：00 钟会面。 ② See you on Monday morning. 星期一早上见。 ③ The story happened in May.故事发生在5月份。 Ⅲ. 固定词组：如：in the morning ; at night.
§62 at/ to
Ⅰ. at多表目的或目标，而to 则仅表方向。如： ① He threw the ball at me. 他对准我扔球。 ② He threw the ball to me. 他朝着我这个方向扔球。 ③ My father shouted at me.我父亲对我吼叫。 ④ My father shouted to me. 我父亲朝着我喊叫。
§63 a year and a half / one and a half years
这是英语中表示“多少半”的两种说法：
如：
① an hour and a half = one and a half hours. 一个半小时 ② two kilos and a half = two and a half kilos 两公斤半。
?基数词 ? 表示量的名词 ?and a half??基数词 ? and a half ? 表示量的名词的复数
§64 awake/ wake/ waken
Ⅰ. awake “弄醒、叫醒、唤醒、醒来”与wake同意。引申意义为“觉醒、清醒”时，与awaken 同意。 ① The noise awoke me. 喧闹声吵醒了我。 ② But before long, the camel woke him. 不久，骆驼就把他弄醒了。 ③ I usually awake (wake) at six. 我通常六点钟醒来。
Ⅱ. wake 后往往跟up, awake 则不能； 而awake可作形容词，意为“醒着的”。 如： ① Has he waked (up) yet? 他醒来了没有？ ② Is he awake or asleep? 他醒着还是睡着？
Ⅲ. waken / awaken. 一般多用在被动语态中，意为“被叫醒、被弄醒”。如： ① I was awakened by the cry of the baby. 我被小孩的哭声惊醒了。
§65 bank/ shore/ beach/ coast
Ⅰ. bank “岸”， 大都指河岸。如：
The twon is on the bank of the river. 那个城镇在河岸上。 Ⅱ. shore “岸”，指海，湖， 大河等的岸，常含有与水相对的意味。如：
The ship stopped a little way off the shore. 这船停在离岸不远的地方。
Ⅲ. beach“海滩、湖滩”, 通常指涨潮时有水，退潮时无水的有沙子或卵石的海滩或湖滩。如：
The children are playing on the beach.孩子们在海滩上玩。 Ⅳ. coast “海岸”仅指沿海之岸，尤指为水域边界。如： ① There are many harbours on the east coast of our land. 我国的东海岸上有许多港口。
§66 base on/ be based on
Ⅰ. base on “以??为根据”，如： ① Edison based his ideas on scientific experiment. 爱迪生的想法是建立在科学实验的基础上
的。 ② You should base your opinion on facts. 你的意见都要以事实为根据。 Ⅱ. be based on “以??为根据”； “根据??”；“基于??” ① What he said is based on fact. 他所说的话是以事实为根据的。 ② The story is based on real life. 那故事是根据现实生活而写的。 ③ Some modern languages are based on Latin. 在些现代语言是以拉丁文为基础的。
§67 be afraid of sb or sth/ be afraid of doing sth/
be afraid to do sth/ be afraid +that clause
Ⅰ. be afraid of sb or sth. “害怕某人或某事”如 ① The man is afraid of nothing.这个人什么都不怕。 ② Jenny is afraid of her father, for he is very strict with her. 詹妮害怕她父亲，因为他对她要求
很严格。
Ⅱ. be afraid of doing sth. “害怕、担心某事（自己也无法左右的突发事情）发生”如： I am afraid of falling into the swimming pool.我担心掉进游泳池里去。 Ⅲ. be afraid to do sth. “害怕、不敢做某事”如： ① The bat was afraid to leave his home. 蝙蝠不敢离开家。 ② I am afraid to go out at night. 我害怕晚上出去。
Ⅳ. be afraid +that clause. “恐怕”表带歉意的回绝或告知不好的消息。that 常省去。如： I am afraid (that) I can?t do that today. 恐怕今天我不能做那件事。 Ⅴ. 在日常用语中，I am afraid 常表示歉意或客气，没有恐惧之意。往往相当于I am sorry , 引出不愿发生、可能使对方失望的情况。如： ① I am afraid I don?t agree with you. 恐怕我不会同意你的意见。 ② I am afraid (that) you are wrong. 恐怕你错了。
Ⅵ. 口语中，在 I am afraid 之后用so / not,可省去上文提到的内容。如： ①---Has he gone to Guangzhou? 他去广州了吗？ ---I’m afraid so.
②---Are we on time? 我们迟到了吗？ ---I’m afraid not. 可能没迟到。
§68 be amazed at (by) / be amazed to do sth
Ⅰ. be amazed at / by “对??感到惊讶”。如： ① He is amazed at the news. 他对这个消息感到惊讶。
Ⅱ. be amazed to do sth . “对??做某事感到惊讶”. 如： ① I am amazed to see such a bad accident. 看到这么严重的事故，我感到很惊讶。 Ⅲ. amaze sb. “使某人惊讶”如：
① The accident amazed me. 这事故使我很惊讶。 [联想]：amazing 形容词，“令人惊异的、了不起的” amazement 名词。“惊讶”
[注意]：amaze指事件让人大为惊讶，强于surprise; surprise
§69 be angry/ get angry
Ⅰ. be / get angry “生某人的气”后面的介词要用with; “因某事而生气”后面的介词要用about / at; be / get angry 后接不定式，这时不定式动词大多为 see 和hear 其不定式同样表生气的原因。 如： ① Miss Liu was / got angry with Li Ping because he was late for school today. 刘老师生李平的
气是因为他今天迟到了。 ② She was / got angry with my behaviour. 她对我的行为感到生气。 ③ What are you angry about ? 你生什么气？ ④ My father was angry at what I said. 我爸对我说的很生气。
Ⅱ. get angry 强调变化，强调由不生气变为生气这一过程；be angry 强调状态，表明正在生气这一状态。
His mother got angry with him when he told her what he had done at school.当他告诉他母亲，他在校的行为时，她生气了。 [联想]：类似的有：
be / become interested in. “对??有兴趣” be / get married. “结婚” have / catch a cold “感冒”
be / fall ill “生病” be / fall asleep “入睡、睡着”
§70 be good at/ do well in
Ⅰ. be good at / in 意思接近于 do well in. “在（某方面）出色；擅长??”。be good at / in 强调一种笼统情况，而do well in 可表示一种情况，也可指在具体的一次活动中表现出色。 be good at 的反义词组为：be poor (weak) at (in). do well in 的反义词组为：do badly in. 如： ① Mary is good at / in maths. = Mary does well in maths. 玛丽数学很好（指情况）。= 玛丽数
学学得很好。 ② Tom did well in (不宜用be good at.指具体一次)that English test / sports meeting.汤姆在那次
英语考试中（运动会中）考得很好（表现出色）。 ③ Wu Dong does badly in his lessons. = Wu Dong is weak / poor / at / in his lessons.吴冬功课不
好。（指情况） ④ Mei Ying did badly in the high jump 梅英在跳高比赛中成绩不好。（具体一次，不宜替换。） ⑤ Mei Ying is weak / poor in / at high jump.梅英不善于跳高。（指笼统情况）
Ⅱ. do well 和do badly可单独使用，表一种情况；而be good / weak / poor 一定要借助于介词in 或at, 强调在某一个方面，才能表达一个完整的意思。如： He does well / badly at school. 他在学校里功课很好/很差。
§71 be made of / be made from
Ⅰ. be made of “由??制成/造”成品看得出原料。如： The desk is made of wood. 这张桌子是木头制成的。
Ⅱ. be made from “由??制造/成”成品看不出原料。如； Paper is made from rags.纸是由破布做的。（已看不出原料）
§72 be pleased with/ at/ to
Ⅰ. be pleased with “对??人/物，感到满意”介词with后接人或物。 如： ① Both Mark and her mother were pleased with the girl. 马克和他妈妈都有喜欢这个女孩。 ② I wasn’t very pleased with / at my exam results. 我对自己的考试成绩不太满意。 Ⅱ. be pleased at “对??某事/物，感到满意”。介词at 常与事物搭配使用。 He was very pleased at the news.他对这个消息感到很满意。 Ⅲ. be pleased to “乐意??； 因??而高兴”。to 不是介词，而是小品词。后接动词原形。如： ① I shall be pleased to go. 我将乐意去。
② We are quite pleased to be working in this country.
的。
能在这个国家工作，我们是十分高兴
§73 be sure of/ be sure to do/ be sure that
Ⅰ.be sure of “确信对??有把握”后接名词、代词或动词-ing 形式，表对客观事物有肯定的认识和判断，主语必须是人。如： ① As David joined our team, we are sure of winning the game this time. 由于David参加了我们的球队，我们这次有把握取胜。 ② You may be sure of his honesty. 你可以确信他的诚实。 Ⅱ.be sure to “一定，肯定”，后接不定式，往往表示局外人的推测，评论，主语不一定是人，如： ① It is sure to rain tomorrow. 明天一定会下雨。 ② He is sure to win.他一定会赢的。
▲ 用于祈使句时作“务必，切切”之意，如： ① Be sure to come tomorrow. 你明天一定要来 ② Be sure to forget it . 千万别忘了。 Ⅲ. be sure that 从句。“认为??一定会”主语必须是人，连词that 可省略。它后面还可以接由wheher, 或where, when, who 等引导名词性从句。这时主句通常是否定式。如： ① He is wure that he will succeed. 他确信会成功
② I am not sure where I left my notebook. 我不能确定我的笔记本丢在什么地方了。
§74 be sure/ make sure
Ⅰ. be sure 指某人对某事或对某种情况有把握，常译为：“确信”；make sure 指“务必、务请、确保”将某事弄清楚。如： ① I am sure that he is honest. 我相信他是诚实的。 ② I have made sure that he is honest. 我已了解清楚他是诚实的。 Ⅱ. 二者后面均可接of 或about 引出的短语。如： ① I am sure of success = I am sure that I will succeed. 我深信会成功。 ② Will you make sure of his return? = Will you make sure that he returned? 请你查明他是否真
的回来了。好吗？
Ⅲ. make sure 后面的that 从句一般不用或很少用将来时； be sure 后面的that从句则可用将来时。如： ① Make sure that you come here before five. 你一定要在5点前来。 ② I am sure that he will come. 我相信他一定会来的。 Ⅳ. 两者后面接不定式，均表示“一定要做某事”，但make sure 通常只用于祈使句；而be sure 则不受限制。如：
①Make sure ??to come to party on time. 一定要准时来参加晚会。
Be sure ?② He is sure to call you up. 他准会给你打电话的。
§75 be surprised/ in surprise
Ⅰ. be surprised 为“动词+形容词”结构，在句中作谓语，意为：“感到吃惊”. be surprised at 表“对??感到吃惊”
Ⅱ. in surprise为“介词+名词”结构。在句中作状语。意为：“吃惊地”。如： ① She was surprised. 她感到吃惊。 ② Everybody was surprised at you. 大家都对你感到吃惊。 ③ John turned round and looked at him in surprise. 约翰转过身去，吃惊地看着他。
§76 be used for/ be used as/ be used by
Ⅰ. be used for “（被）用来做??”，强调用途或作用。