考研长难句解读
1． 什么是长难句
The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergenceof mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but anideology. But somewhere in the 19th century,more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring as we went fromWordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil. In the West, before masscommunication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which remindedworshippers that their souls were in great peril and that they would someday be meat for worms.
英语句式
五大基本句型 主谓，主谓宾，主谓双宾，主谓宾补，主系表 四大基本句式 陈述，疑问，祈使，感叹
长难句三大高级句型 强调，从句（非谓语、定语、主语、表语、宾语、同位语、状语），倒装 长难句四大难点 从句，省略，插入，句序 长难句四大考查 阅读，完型，翻译，写作
从句——修饰成分：名词性，形容词性，状语，非谓语 省略——避免重复：名词，动词，结构，句子 插入——补充说明：主谓结构，介宾结构，同位语 句序——特殊表达：倒装
2． 长难句解读步骤
去枝叶，留主干 A． 找谓语
动词？——谓语，非谓语 He comes see me.
Beat you is not my fault. 有动词，有句子。
This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. (2005年48题) B． 找引导词
有引导词，有从句。——从句关系词
Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states
that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. (2005年65题)
如果引导词前是个名词，那就根据情况区别是定语从句还是同位语从句； 如果引导词前是实意动词，那就说明这个从句是宾语从句； 如果引导词前面是系动词，那就说明这个从句是表语从句； 如果其前面是状语从句的引导词，那就说明这是个状语从句； 如果没有引导词，那就说明这是逐句的谓语动词。
练习
<高级句型> 强调
非谓语（独立主格）
定语从句（省略）
主语从句（经典句型） 状语从句 倒装
C． 找名词——主语、宾语
Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.( 2001年73题)
复杂主语 短语类复杂主语
A． 介词短语
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas andelectric utilities to milk processors, bring better and … 主语直译：许多其他商业企业，
从剧院到杂志出版（商）社、 从燃气电器公司到牛奶加工厂，（带来更好的?）
Our hope for creative living in this world that we have inherited from our ancestors lies in ourability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives. 主语直译：我们的希望，
创造性地生活在这个世界
这个世界是我们从祖先那里继承来的，（存在于）
B． 分词短语
Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it mostefficiently—this, after all, is …
主语直译：即使善于让别人去为你打仗，并告诉他们怎样做最有效——这（是?）
C． 不定式短语
The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on ourmemory.
主语直译：能力，
来解决任何问题，
甚至识别一个问题的存在，（取决于记忆）。
从句类复杂主语 A． 主语从句
That most Americans genuinely believe that their economic system is the best that humanwisdom has so far devised and that their political system is a “democracy” in which the interests ofthe people are paramount, is an indication of...
B． 同位语从句
The fact that these people live near famous caves which contain vivid paintings from Europe’searly humans, leads him to the conclusion…
C． 非限制性定语从句
The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginarywants, is compelled to ease, …
复杂宾语
How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability, and appropriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.
Many experts suggest that the children who are raised in an environment where there aremany stimuli which develop their capacity for appropriate responses will experience greaterintellectual development.
另：复杂表语及复杂状语
复杂表语
The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at thispoint in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
句子主干：The trouble is that? and so is not?
To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, andgenuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
复杂状语
A． 介词时间状语
Observations have been made of the children at the beginning and the end of the preschool and the first grade.
B． 介词实现其他功能状语
For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably athome, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
It is more A to do B than to do C?做A 比做C 更B。
3． 综合练习
For a beginner in the job market, it is essential that he bargain for a starting salary he desiresand deserves, otherwise, he would hardly have any fair chance of a raise after his employment.
But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical thatour nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability, and appropriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.
On one occasion, when Luca, a Stanford professor, was taking blood samples from children ina rural region of Africa, he was confronted by an angry farmer waving an axe, who threatened Lucathat if he took the children’s blood, he would took his.
The studies show that, the driver who has consumed an amount of alcohol within the limit isno more likely to have an automobile accident than the driver who does not take any alcohol.
According to this report, the chief reason for the population growth in this small Africancountry, the 10th largest country in terms of the population size there, isn’t so much a rise in birthrates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care in recent years.
The very fact that the average Englishman's home has become his workshop is partly becausehe is keen on working with his hands and partly because he feels, for one reason or another that hemust do for himself many household jobs for which, some years ago, he would have hiredprofessional help.
While not exactly a top selling book, The History and Geography of Human Genes is
anextraordinary collection of research in population genetics, which reaches a firm conclusion: oncethe genes for surface features such as skin color and height are discounted, the races are remarkablyalike under the skin , since what the eye sees as racial differences are mainly a way to adapt toclimate as early humans moved from one continent to another.
Recently, the ILA, International Lung Association, has issued new guidelines on combatingcolds and the flu, in view of the fact that many people who do not take them seriously becomeseverely ill or even die each year-- some unable to distinguish the two and thus failing to take theappropriate drugs, and some unwilling to take medicine as it is supposedly seldom effective.
4．长难句翻译五大原则
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句作层次分明的叙述。因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句。
(1)顺序原则
当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。 例如：
But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.（84年考题） 可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。
(2)逆序原则
英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。 例如：
It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们（上大学）的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
(3)包孕原则
是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。 例如：
You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close. 您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。
What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences. 使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。
(4)分句原则
有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语转换成句子，分开来叙述。为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语，也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，前后保持连贯。 例如：
Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题)
人们常说，通过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
(5) 重组原则
指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅且更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。 例如：
Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.
必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅速做出决策。