山东财经大学学士学位论文
取了绝大部分的利润。从产品生命周期上来看，大多数创新产品依旧总是首先诞生于发达国家，在其获取了导入期的大量利润之后，才在标准化期转向发展我国家继续生产。这在短期来看有利于发展我国家发挥后发优势，利用从发达国家接手的产业，促进自身经济发展及对外贸易。但从长期来看，这实际上限制了发展我国家自身技术创新的发展，在新技术产品上处处受制于发达国家，出口商品在某种意义上被发达国家所控，因而在出口商品结构的优化上失去了主动权。
此外，目前很多国内企业处于“有制造没创造，有知识没产权”的尴尬境地。在发达国家企业都在极力追求所谓的“知识经济”的时候，我国大部分企业仍然注重于生产环节的发展，却忽视了处于产业链条前端的研发设计以及后端的营销组合，呈现出橄榄型的结构特点。然而众所周知，商品的附加值主要是集中在研发环节与营销销售环节的，因此我国企业执着于生产环节反而限制了自身利润的扩大，不利于竞争力的提高。面对日趋激烈的国际市场，仅仅依靠成本优势已经无法进行强有力的竞争，品牌的重要性就凸显了出来，国际品牌所带来的品牌价值与溢价能给企业带来源源不断的利润。我国当前极其缺少拥有国际知名度的品牌，国内企业往往依靠盲目压缩成本来扩大出口，不利于出口商品结构的改善。
四、优化我国出口商品结构的对策（改目录）
（一）改进传统贸易观念，大力培养高级生产要素
改革开放以来，我国对外贸易战略与政策是立足于传统的贸易理论基础上的，即遵循比较优势理论，从自身要素优势出发参与国际贸易，把成本较为低廉的产品推向国际市场，这也是众多发展我国家制定对外开放战略和政策的出发点。然而，国家竞争优势理论所强调的生产要素包含初级要素与高级要素两个部分，初级要素的利用基本与传统贸易理论相吻合，而一国要获得长久的竞争优势，培养国际竞争力，就应当大力培育本国的高级要素。因此，我国政府应充分发挥作用，通过补贴、教育投资、信贷安排和税收政策，发挥政府在提供高级要素方面的重要作用，最终实现我国出口商品结构的优化与改善。
（二）扶植高新技术产业，引导出口产业转型升级
高新技术产业是国际竞争的制高点。它是一国国家竞争优势的具体体现，具有极其重要的战略意义，必须积极培育。我国的高新技术产业基础薄弱、后劲不足。我国应在向创新驱动型发展的基础上，努力发展自身的高精尖技术及相关产业，逐渐建立我国的高新技术产业群体。我国政府应利用税收、补贴、投资等措施对国内相关产业给予扶持。另外，国家对高新技术产业的保护扶持应该有一定的限度，逐步放开市场。根据幼稚工业保护理
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山东财经大学学士学位论文
论，国家间的竞争历来以国家利益为先，所以才有落后条件下的贸易保护主义。高新技术产业是我国的希望,又是弱势所在。要使我国的高新技术产业能在强大的国际冲击下获得生存和发展空间,对高新技术产业采取保护与扶持措施，同时，为了避免保护低效，应实行适当保护并逐渐放开。
（三）加大法律支持力度，规范出口企业竞争
出口企业在进行国际经营时，毫无疑问会碰到许多法律问题。但是在实际经济活动
中，许多出口企业对国际上和东道国的规章条例了解都不够细致。而且我国很多出口企业资金实力不雄厚，开拓市场的成本比较大，企业在进行国际经营时容易受制，影响国际业务的进一步拓展。此外，新世纪以来贸易保护主义在众多国家尤其是发达国家有所抬头，各种贸易壁垒措施和规则层出不穷，我国出口企业在实际经营中会遇到无法预见的困难与挑战，由此衍生出各种问题。因此，为了规范本土出口企业竞争，增强出口企业的国际竞争力，我国政府可以对其提供法律援助，对企业应诉反倾销、掌握国外对华反倾销发展动态及建立反倾销预警机制等提供援助。
（四）实施出口品牌战略，提高产品附加值
当今国际市场风云变幻，竞争激烈，依靠低成本战略已经不能满足企业竞争的需要。因此，品牌的重要性在此刻就凸显了出来，国际品牌所带来的品牌价值与溢价能给企业带来源源不断的利润。为了树立本国产品的国际竞争力，抢占市场占有率和市场份额，我们可以采取以下措施。第一，依靠政府采购培养本国名牌，实施出口品牌战略，这需要政府对名牌产品的研究与开发机遇的资金支持。第二，通过企业间的协调和联合来推荐名牌战略。凡是生产名牌产品的企业，一般都是大企业。我国的名牌产品之所以难以与世界名牌产品相抗衡，其中一个重要原因是企业的规模还不够大。因此，如果能够实现名牌产品的联合，这对我国名牌战略的实施大有裨益。第三，通过公共关系、舆论宣传来推进名牌战略。
（五）加强宏观调控，完善出口加工贸易政策
为了促进加工贸易产业向着积极方面发展，有必要政府加强宏观调控，明确规划未来的发展阶段，找准加工贸易转型升级的方向。详细措施如下：一是完善加工贸易商品分类管理办法，动态调整加工贸易禁止类和限制类目录。按照国家宏观调控、产业发展等方面要求，完善加工贸易商品分类，建立产业和产品准入目录的动态调整制度。二是完善境内产业评估制度。政府应加强产业的评估制度的管理，间接引导省内加工贸易产业向科学的、
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山东财经大学学士学位论文
切实可行的方向发展，对符合合同要求的准予加工，对不符合标准的，海关不予登记备案，禁止生产。 三是完善加工贸易企业准入管理。按照国家宏观调控和产业、环保、社会保障等政策要求，加强加工贸易企业准入审核，从企业的环保水平、工人最低工资、社会保险、生产设备水平等几方面来完善。
（六）紧跟国际市场潮流，加强自身创新意识与能力
根据比较优势理论和产品生命周期理论，发展我国家制定出口策略应当建立在发挥自身比较优势的基础上，并将发达国家转移出来的产业接手，并发挥后发优势。这种模式在短期内看会带来一定的发展和利益，但从长期来看，发展我国家难免会落入比较优势陷阱。事实上，一国赢得国家竞争优势的关键就在于它的创新机制和创造能力。因此，必须紧跟世界技术发展潮流，放松管制，通过技术创新牢牢占据产业发展的前沿，以创新促进产业结构优化升级，从而实现出口商品结构的根本性改变。
五、结论与启示
我国出口商品结构虽然存在着种种问题，但依然具有良好的发展势头。本文运用大量的数据实证分析了我国出口商品结构，发现了我国现有的商品结构还存在着多方面的问题。
在现有的贸易结构下，我国出口商品的竞争优势仍然在劳动密集型产品上，我们必须发扬传统贸易理论中合理的部分，立足于自身的固有优势，从固有要素优势出发进行国际贸易，对劳动密集型产业进行发展和改造，积极创造资本和技术密集型产品在国际市场的竞争力，培植自己的明星企业和名牌产品，缩小与世界贸易强国的差距。另一方面，要大力培育自身竞争优势，使自己能够获得在国际市场中长期竞争的能力，努力走出一条适合我国外贸发展的道路，才能在国际贸易的潮流中立于不败之地。
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山东财经大学学士学位论文
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[4] 段泽民.外商直接投资与我国出口商品结构关系的研究[J].我国商界，2010，2，40-41. [5] 魏锋、沈坤荣.我国出口商品结构与贸易发展方式的转变[J].国际贸易研究，2010，1，63-71. [6] 王帅、赵玉焕.出口退税对我国出口商品结构的影响研究[N].北京理工大学学报，2010，1. [7] 郭卉.出口退税新政策看我国出口商品结构调整[J].时代经贸，2010，184，63-63.
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山东财经大学学士学位论文
请删除以下内容，O(∩_∩)O谢谢！！！conduction, transfer of heat or electricity through a substance, resulting from a difference in temperature between different parts of the substance, in the case of heat, or from a difference in electric potential, in the case of electricity. Since heat is energy associated with the motions of the particles making up the substance, it is transferred by such motions, shifting from regions of higher temperature, where the particles are more energetic, to regions of lower temperature. The rate of heat flow between two regions is proportional to the temperature difference between them and the heat conductivity of the substance. In solids, the molecules themselves are bound and contribute to conduction of heat mainly by vibrating against neighboring molecules; a more important mechanism, however, is the migration of energetic free electrons through the solid. Metals, which have a high free-electron density, are good conductors of heat, while nonmetals, such as wood or glass, have few free electrons and do not conduct as well. Especially poor conductors, such as asbestos, have been used as insulators to impede heat flow (see insulation). Liquids and gases have their molecules farther apart and are generally poor conductors of heat. Conduction of electricity consists of the flow of charges as a result of an electromotive force, or potential difference. The rate of flow, i.e., the electric current, is proportional to the potential difference and to the electrical conductivity of the substance, which in turn depends on the nature of the substance, its cross-sectional area, and its temperature. In solids, electric current consists of a flow of electrons; as in the case of heat conduction, metals are better conductors of electricity because of their greater free-electron density, while nonmetals, such as rubber, are poor conductors and may be used as electrical insulators, or dielectrics. Increasing the cross-sectional area of a given conductor will increase the current because more electrons will be available for conduction. Increasing the temperature will inhibit conduction in a metal because the increased thermal motions of the electrons will tend to interfere with their regular flow in an electric current; in a nonmetal, however, an increase in temperature improves conduction because it frees more electrons. In liquids and gases, current consists not only in the flow of electrons but also in that of ions. A highly ionized liquid solution, e.g., saltwater, is a good conductor. Gases at high temperatures tend to become ionized and thus become good conductors (see plasma), although at ordinary temperatures they tend to be poor conductors. See electrochemistry; electrolysis; superconductivity. Almost everyone has experienced the Doppler effect, though perhaps without knowing what causes it. For example, if one is standing on a street corner and an ambulance approaches with its siren blaring, the sound of the siren steadily gains in pitch as it comes closer. Then, as it passes, the pitch suddenly lowers perceptibly. This is an example of the Doppler effect: the change in the observed frequency of a wave when the source of the wave is moving with respect to the observer. The Doppler effect, which occurs both in sound and electromagnetic waves—including light waves—has a number of applications. Astronomers use it, for instance, to gauge the movement of stars relative to Earth. Closer to home, principles relating to the Doppler effect find application in radar technology. Doppler radar provides information concerning weather patterns, but some people experience it in a less pleasant way: when a police officer uses it to measure their driving speed before writing a ticket. Sound and light are both examples of energy, and both are carried on waves. Wave motion is a type of harmonic motion that carries energy from one place to another without actually moving any matter. It is related to oscillation, a type of harmonic motion in one or more dimensions. Oscillation involves no net movement, only movement in place; yet individual points in the wave medium are oscillating even as the overall wave pattern moves. The term periodic motion, or movement repeated at regular intervals called periods, describes the behavior of periodic waves—waves in which a uniform series of crests and troughs follow each other in regular succession. A period (represented by the symbol T ) is the amount of time required to complete one full cycle of the wave, from trough to crest and back to trough. Period is mathematically related to several other aspects of wave motion, including wave speed, frequency, and wavelength. Frequency (abbreviated f ) is the number of waves passing through a given point during the interval of one second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz), named after nineteenth-century German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894), and a Hertz is equal to one cycle of oscillation
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