imposed a sales quota on its auto repair staff. It prompted employees to overcharge for work and to complete unnecessary repairs on a companywide basis.
Schweitzer concedes his research runs counter to a very large body of literature that commends the many benefits of goal-setting. Advocates of the practice have taken issue with his team’s use of such evidence as news accounts to support his conclusion that goal-setting is widely over-prescribed
In a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes:“Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals to provide a sense of purpose.” But Schweitzer contends the “mounting causal evidence” linking goal-setting and harmful behavior should be studied to help spotlight issues that merit caution and further investigation. “Even a few negative effects could be so large that they outweigh many positive effects,” he says.
“Goal-setting does help coordinate and motivate people. My idea would be to combine that with careful oversight, a strong organizational culture, and make sure the goals that you use are going to be constructive and not significantly harm the organization,” Schweitzer says.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
52. What message does the author try to convey about goal-setting? A) Its negative effects have long been neglected. B) The goal increase people’s work efficiency. C) Its role has been largely underestimated.
D) The goals most people set are unrealistic.
53. What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?
A) Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success. B) Businesses are less likely to succeed without setting realistic goals. C) Financial incentives ensure companies meet specific revenue goals.
D) Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational power.
54. How did Sears’ goal-setting affect its employees?
A) They were obliged to work more hours to increase their sales. B) They competed with one another to attract more customers. C) They resorted to unethical practice to meet their sales quota.
D) They improved their customer service on a companywide basis.
55. What do advocates of goal-setting think of Schweitzer’s research? A) Its findings are not of much practical value. B) It exaggerates the side effects of goal-setting. C) Its conclusion is not based on solid scientific evidence.
D) It runs counter to the existing literature on the subject.
56. What is Schweitzer’s contention against Edwin Locke?
A) The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study. B) Goal-setting has become too deep-rooted in corporate culture. C) The positive effects of goal-setting outweigh its negative effects.
D) Studying goal-setting can throw more light on successful business practices.
Passage Two
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
For most of the 20th century, Asia asked itself what it could learn from the modern, innovating West. Now the question must be reversed. What can the West’s overly indebted and sluggish (经济滞长的) nations learn from a flourishing Asia? Just a few decades ago, Asia’s two giants were stagnating(停滞不前) under faulty economic ideologies. However, once China began embracing free-market reforms in the 1980s, followed by India in the 1990s, both countries achieved rapid growth. Crucially, as they opened up their markets, they balanced market economy with sensible government direction. As the Indian economist Amartya Sen has wisely
said, “The invisible hand of the market has often relied heavily on the visible hand of government.”
Contrast this middle path with America and Europe, which have each gone ideologically over-board in their own ways. Since the 1980s, America has been increasingly clinging to the ideology of uncontrolled free markets and dismissing the role of government---following Ronald Regan’s idea that “government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. “Of course, when the markets came crashing down in 2007, it was decisive government intervention that saved the day. Despite this fact, many Americans are still strongly opposed to “big government.”
If Americans could only free themselves from their antigovernment doctrine, they would begin to see that the America’s problems are not insoluble. A few sensible federal measures could put the country back on the right path. A simple consumption tax of, say, 5% would significantly reduce the country’s huge government deficit without damaging productivity. A small gasoline tax would help free America from its dependence on oil imports and create incentives for green energy development. In the same way, a significant reduction of wasteful agricultural subsidies could also lower the deficit. But in order to take advantage of these common-sense solutions, Americans will have to put aside their own attachment to the idea of smaller government and less regulation. American politicians will have to develop the courage to follow what is taught in all American public-policy schools: that there are good taxes and bad taxes. Asian countries have embraced this wisdom, and have built sound long-term fiscal (财政的) policies as a result.
Meanwhile, Europe has fallen prey to a different ideological trap: the belief that European governments would always have infinite resources and could continue borrowing as if there were no tomorrow. Unlike the Americans, who felt that the markets knew best, the Europeans failed to anticipate how the markets would react to their endless borrowing. Today, the European Union is creating a $580 billion fund to ward off sovereign collapse. This will buy the EU time, but it will not solve the bloc’s larger problem.
57. What has contributed to the rapid economic growth in China and India? A) Copying western-style economic behavior. B) Heavy reliance on the hand of government. C) Timely reform of government at all levels.
D) Free market plus government intervention.
58. What does Ronald Reagan mean by saying “government is the problem” (line4, Para. 3)?
A) Many social evils are caused by wrong government policies. B) Many social problems arise from government’s inefficiency. C) Government action is key to solving economic problems.
D) Government regulation hinders economic development.
59. What stopped the American economy from collapsing in 2007? A) Self-regulatory repair mechanisms of the free market. B) Cooperation between the government and businesses. C) Abandonment of big government by the public.
D) Effective measures adopted by the government.
60. What is the author’s suggestion to the American public in face of the public government deficit?
A) They urge the government to revise its existing public policies. B) They develop green energy to avoid dependence on oil import. C) They give up the idea of smaller government and less regulation.
D) They put up with the inevitable sharp increase of different taxes.
61. What’s the problem with the European Union? A) Conservative ideology. B) Shrinking market.
C) Lack of resources.
D) Excessive borrowing.
Part V Close
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A)，B)，C)and D)on the right side of paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答.
Music produces profound and lasting changes in the brain. Schools should add music classes, not cut them. Nearly 20 years ago, a small study advanced the 62 that listening to Mozart’s Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major could boost mental functioning. It was not long 63 trademarked “Mozart effect” products began to appeal to anxious parents aiming to put toddlers (刚学步的孩子) 64 the fast track to prestigious universities like Harvard and Yale. Georgia’s governor even 65 giving every newborn there a classical CD or cassette.
The 66 for Mozart therapy turned out to be weak, perhaps nonexistent, although the 67 study never claimed anything more than a temporary and limited effect. In recent years, 68 , scientists have examined the benefits of a concerted 69 to study and practice music, as 70 to playing a Mozart CD or a computer-based“brain fitness” game 71 in a while.
Advanced monitoring 72 have enabled scientists to see what happens 73 your head when you listen to your mother and actually practice the violin for an hour every afternoon. And they have found that music 74 can produce profound and lasting changes that 75 the general ability to learn. These results should 76 public officials that music classes are not a mere decoration, ripe for discarding in the budget crises that constantly 77 public schools.
Studies have shown that 78 instrument training from an early age can help the brain to 79 sounds better, making it easier to stay focused when absorbing other