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reveler (n.) : a person who makes merry or is noisily festive狂欢者，狂宴者 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sober (v.) : make or become serious，solemn变清醒；变严肃 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
prolong (v.) : lengthen or extend in time or space延长；拖长；使持久 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
stalemate (n.) : any unresolved situation in which further action is impossible or useless；deadlock僵持；困境
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insolence (n.) : being boldly disrespectful in speech—or behavior；impudence(言行)无礼，鲁莽；傲慢
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- belligerent (adj.) : at war；of war处于交战状态的；战争的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
adventurousness (n.) : being fond of adventure；willingness to take chances喜欢冒险；大胆
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strenuous (adj.) : vigorous，arduous, zealous，etc．奋发的；使劲的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
jingoism (n.) : chauvinism characterized by an aggressive。threatening，warlike foreign policy侵略主义，沙文主义
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- fracas (n.) : a noisy fight 0r loud quarrel；brawl大声吵架；打闹 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
infantry (n.) : foot soldiers collectively；esp. that branch of an army consisting of soldiers trained and equipped to fight chiefly on foot步兵；(尤指)步兵部队 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- harass (v.) : trouble，worry．or torment，as with cares, debts，repeated questions，etc．使烦恼(或困忧)，折磨
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sergeant (n.) : noncommissioned officer of the fifth grade．ranking above a corporal and below a staff sergeant in the U．S．Army and Marine Corps；generally. any of the noncommissioned officers in the U．S．armed forces with sergeant as part of the title of their rank中士；军士
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draft (n.) : the choosing or taking of an individual or individuals from a group for some special purpose，esp. for compulsory military service征兵：挑选 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
carnival (n.) : a reveling or time of revelry；festivity； merrymaking狂欢，尽情作乐 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
contingent (n.) : a share, proportion，or quota，as of troops．ships。laborers，delegates，etc．小分队，分遣部队
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bombast (n.) : talk or writing that sounds grand or important but has little meaning；pompous language词藻华丽而空洞无物的淡话(或文章)；夸大的语言 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
recession (n.) : a temporary falling off()f business activity during a period when such activity has been generally increasing商业暂时衰退现象；萧条 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- whip up : rouse，excite激起
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outmoded (adj.) : no longer in fashion or accepted；obsoletc 旧式的；过时的；废弃了的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sodden (adj.) : dull or stupefied，as from overindulgence in liquor(因沉迷于酒而变得)迟钝的，麻木的
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dubious (adj.) : rousing suspicion；feeling doubt；skeptical引起怀疑的；感到怀疑的；怀疑的
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flout (n.) : be scornful；show contempt；jeer；scoff轻蔑，藐视；嘲弄；侮辱 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- conflagration (n.) : a big, destructive fire(毁灭性的)大火．大火灾 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fast (adj.) : living in a reckless, wild, dissipated way放汤的，放纵的 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- pulpit (n.) : preachers collectively教士们
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vulgar (adj.) : common to the great mass of people in general：common；popular普通的，一般的；流行的
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avid (adj.) : having an intense desire or craving；greedy渴望的，热望的；贪婪的 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
susceptible (adj.) : easily affected emotionally；having a sensitive nature of feelings易被感动的；易受影响的；敏感的
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diatribe (n.) : a bitter，abusive criticism or denunciation 谩骂；讽刺；诽谤 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
grandiose (adj.) :having grandeur or magnificence imposing;impressive雄伟的;壮观的;庄严的;给人深刻印象的
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ally (v.) :come bark to normal strength；revive恢复；复元 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- burden (n.) : central idea；theme主题；重点，要点
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adjunct (n.) :a thing added to something else; a person connected with another as a helper or subordinate associate附属物，附加物；帮手，助手 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
incompetent (n.) :a person who is completely incapable无能力者，不能胜任者 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
expatriate (v.) : withdraw (oneself) from one’s nativeland or from allegiance to it(使自己)移居国外，放弃原国籍
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- denominator (n.) :a shared characteristic共同特性，共性 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
iconoclastic (adj.) :opposing to the religious use of images or advocating the destruction of such images反对崇拜偶像的
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sterile (adj.) : barren；unfruitful贫瘠的，不长庄稼的；无成效的 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- flay (v.) :criticize or scold mercilessly严厉斥责；怒骂
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短语 (Expressions)
drugstore cowboy : a young man who hangs around drugstores and other public places
trying to impress women在杂货店和其他公共场所徘徊试图打动女人的年轻男人 例： You don’t see the old drugstore cowboys around this part of town anymore．在这个镇的这片地方你再也看不到以往那些杂货店牛仔了。 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
see sth.in perspective : view or judge things in a way that show their true relations to one another以联系的观点正确地看待或判断事物
例： We should see these events in perspective．我们应该注意这些事件间的本质联系以正确评价它们。
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precipitate sb.／sth:into sth． : thrust violently into(a condition)使突然陷入某种状态 例： precipitate the country into war使国家突然陷人战争 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sober up : tfree from drunkenness；become not drunk变清醒
例： Put him t0 bed until he sobers up．送他上床等他清醒过来。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- whip up : rouse；excite煽动，激起
例： whip up the mob煽动暴民／whip up enthusiasm激起热情 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
keep up with the Joneses : compete with one’s neighbors．etc．(in the purchase 0f articles，e．g．clothes，a car，indicating social status)和琼斯一家人比(在购买物品如衣物、汽车等方面与邻人等相比以示社会地位)，与他人攀比 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FONT style=\cornflowerblue\color=white> common denominator : a commonly shared theme or trait共同点，共同特色
例： All these accidents have a comnlon denominator that they are related with
drunk driving．所有这些事故的共同点是它们都与酒后驾车有关。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- write off : drop from consideration看不起，认为无价值
例： We’Ve written the project ofr as a nonstarter．我们认为这个项目毫无成功的希望，已经对它不予以考虑了。
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课文翻译
第十课 悲哀的青年一代
罗德?w?霍顿，赫伯特?w?爱德华兹
二十年代社会生活的各个方面中，被人们评论得最多、渲染得最厉害的，莫过于青年一代的叛逆之行了。只要有只言片语提到那个时期，就会勾起中年人怀旧的回忆和青年人好奇的提问。中年人会回忆起第一次光顾非法酒店时的那种既高兴又不安的违法犯罪的刺激感，回忆起对清教徒式的道德规范的勇猛抨击，回忆起停在乡间小路上的小轿车里颠鸾倒凤的时髦爱情试验方式；青年人则会问起有关那时的一些纵情狂欢的爵士舞会，问起那成天背着酒葫芦、勾引得女人团团转的“美男子”，问起那些“时髦少女”和“闲荡牛仔”的奇装异服和古怪行为等等的情况。“那时的青年果真这样狂放不羁吗?”今天的青年学生们不禁好 奇地向他们的师长问起这样的问题。“那时真的有过青年一代的问题吗?”对这类问题的回答必然只能是既“对”又“不对”——说“对，，是因为人的成长过程中一贯就存在着所谓青年一代的问题；说“不对”是因为在当时的社会看来似乎是那么狂野。那么不负责任，那么不讲道德的行为，若是用今天的正确眼光去看的话，却远远没有今天的一些迷恋爵士乐的狂荡青年的堕落行为那么耸人听闻。
实际上，青年一代的叛逆行为是当时的时代条件的必然结果。首先，值得记住的是，这种叛逆行为并不局限于美国，而是作为百年之中第一次惨烈的战争的后遗症影响到整个西方世界。其次，在美国，有一些人已经很不情愿地认识到——如果不是明明白白地认识到，至少是下意识地认识到——无论在政治方面还是在传统方面，我们的国家已不再是与世隔绝的了；我们所取得的国际地位使我们永远也不能再退缩到狭隘道德规范的人造围墙之后，或是躲在相邻的两大洋的地理保护之中了。
在当时的美国，摒弃维多利亚式的温文尔雅无论如何都已经是无可避免的了。美国工业的飞速发展及其所带来的庞大的、机器轰鸣的工厂的出现，社会化大生产的非人格性，以及争强好胜意识的空前高涨，使得在较为平静而少竞争的年代里所形成的温文尔雅的礼貌行为和谦谦忍让的道德风范完全没有半点栖身之地。不论是否发生战争，随着时代的变化．要我们的年轻一代接受与他们必须在其中拼搏求胜的这个喧嚣的商业化社会格格不入的行为准则已经变得越来越难了。战争只不过起了一种催化剂的作用，加速了维多利亚式社会结构的崩溃。战争把年轻一代一下子推向一种大规模的屠杀战场，从而使他们体内潜藏的压抑已久的狂暴力量得以释放出来，待到战争一结束，这些被释放出来的狂暴力量便在欧洲和美国掉转矛头，去摧毁那日渐衰朽的十九世纪的社会了。