中考英语专题复习:阅读理解的考点讲解和训练
【考点扫描】
中考阅读理解的阅读材料的选取一般遵循三个原则： 1. 阅读文章不少于四篇，阅读量在1，500单词左右； 2. 题材广泛，包括科普，社会，文化，政治，经济等； 3. 体裁多样，包阔记叙文，说明文，应用文等。 中考阅读理解考查的主要内容是：
1. 考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。
此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题，主题思想，标题或目的，其主要提问方式是：
(1) Which is the best title of the passage? (2) Which of the following is this passage about? (3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that______. (4) The passage tells us that______.
(5) This passage mainly talks about_______. 2. 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。
此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的，其主要提问方式是： (1) Which of the following is right?
(2) Which of the following is not mentioned? (3) Which of the following is Not True in the passage? (4) Choose the right order（顺序） of this passage. 3. 考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。
此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是： (1) The word “ ” in the passage probably means ________. (2) The underlined word “ ” in the passage refers to _______. (3) In this story the underlined word “ ” means ________. (4) Here “ ” means________.
4. 考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。
此类题目主要考查的是句语句之间，短语短之间的逻辑关系，其主要提问方式是：
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(1) Many visitors come to the writer’s city to ________.
(2) Some shops can be built Dongfeng Square so that they may _____. (3) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _____. (4) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station? 5. 考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力。
此类题目文章中没有明确的答案，需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是： (1) We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______. (2) We can infer（推断） from the text that _______.
(3) From the letters we’ve learned that it’s very _____ to know something about American social customs. (4) From the story we can guess ______. (5) What would be happy if …? 6. 考查推断作者意图和态度的能力。
(1) How did the writer feel at Vienna station? (2) The writer writes this text to ______. (3) The writer believes that ______. (4) The writer suggests that ______.
【名师解难】
明确了阅读理解题的考查要点以后，我们现在来研究破解阅读理解题的方法和技巧。 1．如何获取段落的主旨和大意？ 最有效的办法是找出主题句。
这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。 （1）主题句在 。 例如：
All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链)。Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.
1. 请划出主题句
2. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage? A. Animals B. Plants C. Food Chains D. Living Things
（2）主题句在 。
If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer. They look good even after they
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have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.
请划出主题句
（3）无主题句
有时，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make
more honey（蜂蜜). So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖) and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack(攻击). Then, by
accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.
Scientists could not control（控制) the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.?
Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting（叮) many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.
Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.?
这篇短文表面看起来没有主题句，那末怎样来确定它的中心意思呢？按照上面的说明，我们先找出每一段的大意：
第一段讲的是“killer bees”的 。 第二段讲的是“killer bees” 的 。
第三段讲的是人们害怕“killer bees”的 。
第四段讲的是“killer bees” 。 The best title of the passage is ____________.
A. How to make more honey B. Killer bees
C. A foolish scientist D. How to feed killer bees
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毫无疑问，答案应该是：B。
2．如何根据上下文猜测词义？
根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种：
(1)根据定义或解释猜测词义。例如：甘肃省2002年中考英语试题阅读材料B: A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful. It gives us some interesting phrases(短语). One is “ to let the cat out of the bag.” It is the same as “to tell a secret”…. Now when someone lets out (泄漏)a secret, he “lets the cat out of the bag.” 短文后面有一个理解题目：
John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he ________. A. makes everyone know a secret B. the woman bout a cat C. buys a cat in the bag D. sells the cat in the bag
(2)根据情景和逻辑进行判断。例如：2004年北京市海淀区中考试题阅读材料A。其中第三段是这样的： As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well. 文章后面有这样一道题：
In the text, “put an end to” means “___________”. A. stop B. cut C. kill D. fly
(3)根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。例如：福州市2004年中考英语试题的阅读材料B。
There is a place on our earth where hot water and steam come up under the ground. It is on a large island in the Pacific Ocean. The island is North Island in New Zealand. 101. What does the word “steam” mean in Chinese??
A. 自来水B. 大气C. 冰川D. 蒸汽
(4)根据背景和常识判断。请看2004年北京市海淀区中考试题的阅读材料C:
Watching some children trying to catch butterflies one August afternoon, I was reminded of an incident in my own childhood. When I was a boy of twelve in South Carolina, something happened to me that made me never put any wild creature (living thing) in a cage(笼子).?
We lived on the edge of a forest, and every evening at dusk the mockingbirds would come and rest in the trees and sing. There isn’t a musical instrument made by man that can produce a more beautiful sound than the song of the mockingbird.
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I decided that I would catch a young bird and keep it in a cage and in that way, I would have my own private musician. I finally succeeded in catching one and put it in a cage. At first, being scared, the bird fluttered(扑腾) about the cage, but finally it settled down in its new home. I felt very pleased with myself and looked forward to some beautiful singing from my little musician.
On the second day of the bird’s captivity, my new pet’s mother flew to the cage with food in her mouth. The baby bird ate everything she brought to it. I was pleased to see this. Certainly the mother knew better than I how to feed her baby. The following morning when I went to see how my captive (caged) bird was doing, I discovered it on the floor of the cage, dead. I was terribly surprised! What had happened! I had taken extremely care of my little bird, or so I thought.
Arthur Wayne, the famous ornithologist, who happened to be visiting my father at the time, hearing me crying over the death of my bird, explained what had happened. “A mother mockingbird, finding her young in a cage, will sometimes bring it poison berries(毒莓). She thinks it better for her young to die than to live in captivity.”?
Never since then have I caught any living creature and put it in a cage. All living creatures have a right to live free. An ornithologist is probably a person who ____________ . ? A. studies birds B. loves creatures? C. majors in habits D. takes care of trees?
(5)根据同义、反义关系猜测词义。
There are two men in the police station. One is innocent(无罪的),but the other one is guilty.
(6)根据因果关系猜测词义。
You shouldn't have blamed him for that, because it wasn't his fault(错). A. 为……感到高兴 B. 责备 C. 欣赏 D. 同情 3．如何确定细节和事实？
要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目， 一要在文章中找出相应的信息点； 二要排除干扰项。
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Big Ben is not the name of a man. It is the name of a huge（庞大的）clock in London. London is the capital of England. This clock has four faces. So，no matter where you stand，you can read the time on the face of Big Ben.
Big Ben is ______________.
A. a double decker bus B. a huge clock C. the name of Ben D. a building B
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