译容易出现“翻译症”，即追求机械对等；意译容易脱离原文本意，即随意乱译。
2．如何理解严复的“信，达，雅”翻译标准？ 应包含以下三层意思：
1）作为翻译标准，“信、达、雅”的提法简明扼要，又有层次，主次突出。三者之中，信和达更为重要，而信与达两者之中，信尤为重要。
2）有一定的时代局限性。
3）“雅”可以作不同的解释。严复认为的“雅”，是指脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。这样就有人认为严复用一个“雅”字打消了“信”和“达”，但从积极的一面来看，严复重视译文文字润饰这一点却值得我们注意的。
3. 玄奘的翻译标准是什么, 以及其对我国的翻译事业有些什么贡献?
a)玄奘(602-664) “既须求真，又须喻俗”的翻译标准，力求忠实与易懂并重。“五不翻”原则，总结音译法规律： 1、佛经密语须音译； 2、佛典中的多义词需音译； 3、不存在相应概念的词只能音译； 4、已经约定俗成的古音译保留； 5、为避免语义失真用音译。 贡献：1）把佛经由梵文翻译成汉文
2）翻译一部分老子的作品，成为第一个把汉文著作向国外介绍的中国人。3）“五不翻”对保留原文的意义和效果、填补文化和语言差异照成的词义空缺以及引进外来词汇都具有重要意义。
4．请简单叙述文化与翻译之间的关系。
1）翻译是跨文化交际的桥梁。不同国家、民族之间不同文化的交流和渗透，都离不开翻译活动。总之，世界各国主要文化系统的发展都和翻译活动脱离不了关系。
2）“?,我们在翻译时不能冒险将翻译的语言内容和文化分开来处理。”（英国译学理论家：Susan Bassnett） 因此，语言的翻译不仅是语符表层指称意义的转换，更是两种不同文化的相互沟通和移植，翻译既涉及两种语言，更涉及两种文化。 3）在文化趋同的过程中，文化差异依然存在，不同的文化背景不可避免地会发生局部的交叉、冲突，从而给语言的翻译带来种种困难。因此，“对于真正成功的翻译而言，熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要，因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才有意义。”（Eugene A.Nida）
综上所述，由于各个国家、民族的社会制度、自然环境、宗教信仰、民情风俗、思维方式和语言表达习惯等方面的差异，词汇的语义必然都印着民族文化的烙印，隐含着民族文化的内涵。跨文化交际中词汇的空白、冲突、寓意和联想的不一给语言翻译带来
的障碍和困难是多种多样的，因此翻译不仅是两种语言的转换活动，更是沟通两种文化的交流和移植活动。
三、翻译句子
1. It's more a poem than a picture.
2. I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operation is more inventive and fruitful than others. 3. He is the last person for such a job.
4. Henry keeps boasting that he had talked to the President. (注意语言色彩，褒义还是贬义)
5. There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer. But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. (注意company的一词多义)
6. Washington wants to maintain an American presence in that region. (注意presence 的具体含义) 7. His fury was exaggerated.
8. Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.
9. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.
10. The students made these experiments in chemistry out of necessity.
11. He put forward some new ideas to challenge the interest of all
concerned.
12．On behalf of all the members of my mission, I would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to our host for their earnest invitation and gracious hospitality we have received since we set foot on this charming land.
13．He was a dead shot. However, he met his Waterloo this time. 14．He carried on his age astonishingly well.
四、段落翻译：
（1）The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session two or three times a week. The most common mode of instruction is the lecture. When lectures are the principal method of instruction in larger classes, regular periods may be set aside for small group discussions under the leadership of an assistant instructor.
（2）It was a fine day in early Spring. Bright sunshine flooded the street where a group of boys in Sunday clothes were playing ball. In most of the tenements the windows were up. Clean-shaven men in collarless shirts or in underwear, women with aprons（围裙） or sloppy pink wrappers leaned on the sills （窗台）and gazed with aimless interest at the street, the sky, those who were passing below.
（3）君子曰：学不可以已。青、取之於蓝，而青於蓝；冰、水为之，而寒於水。木直中绳，輮以为轮，其曲中规，虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砺则利，君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。
积土成山，风雨兴焉；积水成渊，蛟龙生焉；积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以致千里；不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。 五、改写
Song
——by Christina Georgina Rossetti
When I am dead, my dearest,
Sing no sad songs for me;
Plant thou no roses at my head,
Nor shady cypress tree: Be the green grass above me
With showers and dewdrops wet;
And if thou wilt, remember, And if thou wilt, forget. I shall not see the shadows, I shall not feel the rain;