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e.g. Every desk and chair is new.
Each teacher and each student has been told to attend the meeting after school. 【注】：each 做主语的同位语时谓语由前面的主语决定。 e.g. They each have finished their exercises.
③主语是 either，neither，the other 或主语被 either，neither 修饰时。 e.g. Either of the answers is correct. Neither answer proves to be correct.
④every/some/any/no＋body/one/thing 构成的复合不定代词做主语时。 e.g. Nobody is absent.
⑤主语是a kind/sort/type of＋单数或复数名词时，
因为kind/sort/type是短语中的中心词，也是信息的焦点，所以，谓语与其一致。 e.g. This kind of wheat isn't grown in our country.
(4)主语是形复意单的词
①以 s 结尾的国名、人名、书名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时。 e.g. The United Nations(联合国) was founded in 1945. ②以 s 结尾的学科名词做主语时。 e.g. Physics is taught in all middle schools.
③“One and a half＋复数名词”做主语时。 e.g. One and a half days is all I can spare. 2．谓语用复数时的情况 (1)主语是形单意复的词
①people，police 等集合名词做主语时。 e.g. The police have caught the thieves.
②“the/these/those＋形容词/分词形容词”可以表示一类人，这一结构做主语时。 e.g. Those wounded were taken good care of.
“the＋形容词”还可表示抽象事物，这时应视做单数。 e.g. The beautiful gives pleasure to people.
③“the＋表示国籍、民族的形容词”可以表示该国全体人民，这一结构做主语时。 e.g. The Chinese are a brave and hardworking people. (2)主语是形复意复的词
①某些具有抽象意义的复数名词做主语时。 e.g. Things are getting worse and worse. The surroundings are usually quiet here. ②“one or two＋复数名词”做主语时。 e.g. There are one or two tickets left.
③glasses，compasses，trousers 等由两部分连成一体的名词做主语时。 e.g. My trousers are worn out.
若前面有 pair 等物量词，则谓语由该物量词的形式决定。 e.g. There is a pair of compasses on the desk.
There are two pairs of glasses needing to be repaired. 3．谓语用单数或复数均有可能
(1)表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词被看做整体时，谓语用单数。 e.g. Ten dollars is what he needs. 和 Twenty kilometers isn't a short distance. 若侧重于一个个的个体，则用复数。
学而思教育学校（英语必修三）
e.g. Five years have passed since I joined the League.
(2)and 连接并列的名词做主语时，谓语一般用复数。 e.g. Reading and writing are both very important.
Hard work and plain living (艰苦和朴素) are the fine qualities of a person.
若该结构表示一个单一的概念或指同一人、物时，谓语用单数，但这时两个名词前加一个冠词。
e.g. The math teacher and class teacher(班主任数学老师) is very strict with us. Bread and butter(涂有黄油的面包)is their daily food.
Hard work and plain living(艰苦朴素)is a weapon with which we have won one victory after another.
(3)family，class，group，team，crowd，crew，enemy，committee，population 等集合名词做主语时，若强调整个集体，谓语用单数。
e.g. The population of China is large.中国人口众多。 若强调集体中的各个成员，谓语用复数。
e.g. Nearly 80% of the population of China are farmers.中国将近80%的人口是农民。
(4)what，which，who，some，any，more，most，all 等词做主语时，谓语动词的数根据实际意义确定。
e.g. All is silent.万籁俱寂。(all 指代整个情况、事件时是单数) All are silent.所有的人都不做声。(all 指代人或物时，是复数)
(5)none 做主语时，若指代可数名词，谓语用单数和复数均可以；若指代不可数名词，谓语用单数。
(6)“half of，part of，most of，eighty percent of，one third of，the rest of＋名词/代词”做主语时，谓语根据后面的名词或代词而定。 e.g. Most of the people agree with us. Most of the money is spent on clothes.
(7)单复数同形的名词做主语时，谓语动词要根据主语的意义而定 e.g. All means have been tried. Every means has been tried.
(8)在四则运算中，加(add/plus)、乘(times/multiply)后面的谓语动词用单、复数均可，减(minus/subtract)、除(divide)后面的谓语动词只能用单数。 e.g. Three plus three makes/make six. Thirty?-five divided by five is seven.
(四)谓语与相邻的那个主语一致（就近原则）
(1)either...or，neither...nor，not only...but also，not...but，or 等连接两个并列的主语时，谓语须与靠近的那一个主语一致。 e.g. Either you or I am wrong.
Are neither you nor he for the plan?
(2)在 here is，there is 或其他状语提前的倒装句中，谓语动词的形式也适用邻近原则。 e.g. Here is a pen and two pieces of paper for you. 5．主谓一致的其他情况
(1)在强调结构中，当被强调部分是主语时，从句中的谓语须与被强调词一致。 e.g. It is I who am to answer for her safety.
(2)定语从句中的谓语动词在意义上应与先行词一致。 e.g. Do you know the girls who are soldiers?
学而思教育学校（英语必修三）
【注】：①当先行词为“one of＋名词复数”时，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数。 e.g. She is one of the girls who have passed the exam.（先行词为girls）
②当先行词为“the(only)one of＋名词复数”时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数。 e.g. She is the only one of the girls who has passed the exam.
(3)“many a/more than one＋单数可数名词”做主语时谓语用单数。 e.g. Many a student has joined the League recently.
(4)“the number of＋名词复数”做主语时谓语用单数。译为“?的数量” “a number of＋名词复数”做主语时谓语用复数。译为“大量的”
e.g. The number of the students in our school is larger than that in their school. A number of people are against the proposal.
Part 2 The Passive Voice 被动语态
一、被动语态的构成形式： 1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 2） has /have been done 现在完成时 3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时 4） was/were done 一般过去时
5） had been done 过去完成时 6） was/were being done 过去进行时 7） shall/will be done 一般将来时 8） should/would be done 过去将来时 2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。 e.g. The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。
e.g. His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。 e.g. Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4）在使役动词have, make, let以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。 e.g. Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。 e.g. The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
3. 非谓语动词的被动语态： -ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态。 e.g. I don't like being laughed at in the public.
二、 如何使用被动语态
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。 e.g. My bike was stolen last night.
2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
e.g. I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 3. 为了更好地安排句子。
e.g. The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）
三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
学而思教育学校（英语必修三）
一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。有： 1)It is said that? 据说? 2)It is reported that?据报道? 3)It is believed that?大家相信?
4)It is hoped that?大家希望? 5)It is well known that?众所周知? 6)It is thought that?大家认为? 7)It is suggested that?据建议? 四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。e.g. This kind of cloth washes well. 【注】：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。 试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因） 2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。 e.g. How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何印出来的呢？
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的系动词feel, sound, taste, look, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 e.g. Your reason sounds reasonable.
五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词(doing)和不定式(to do)的主动形式表被动意义 。
1． 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。即 need doing = need to be done e.g. The house needs repairing（to be repaired）． 这房子需要修理。 2． 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
e.g. The picture-book is well worth reading． （＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．） 3. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。
e.g. This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
4． 在too? to?结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。 e.g. This book is too expensive (for me) to buy. 第四课时：Cultural corner
1. In terms of size and population, how big is the European Union compared with China? ①in terms of＝with regard to/according to/in the light of据??；依照??；在??方面 The job is great in teams of salary, but it has its disadvantages.
come to terms和解；妥协；让步 come to terms with甘心忍受 be on good/bad terms with与??关系很好(坏) in the long (short) term从长远(眼前)来看 in any terms 无论如何，在任何情况下 be in terms 在谈判（交涉）中
keep on good (friendly) terms with sb. 与某人保持良好（友好）关系，交朋友 keep terms with sb. 与某人交往；与某人保持友好关系
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be on equal terms 关系平等 on one’s terms 依照某人的条件
e.g. (1)It is difficult to express it in terms of science. 要用科学的字眼来表达它是很难的。 (2)The figures are expressed in terms of a percentage.那些数字是以百分数表示的。 (3) In terms of money, her loss was small.从金钱的角度来讲，她的损失是很小的。 ②compare v. 关于compare短语：
compared with和?比较（作状语，放于句首或句末） compare A to B 把A比作B compare A with B 把A和B作比较
2. on the other hand 另一方面；反过来说
at hand在手边，在附近；即将到来，即将发生 at first hand第一手地，直接地 at second hand第二手的；间接的；旧的；用过的 on every hand四面八方，四周 on the one hand...; on the other hand... 一方面??；另一方面?? at any hand＝in any hand在任何情况下；无论如何
eg. (1) He is an able man, but on the other hand he demands too much of people. 他是一个能干的人，但是另一方面，他对人要求太多了。
(2)On the one hand he loves her very much; on the other hand , he hates her pride.
他一方面非常喜欢她，另一方面又讨厌她的骄傲。 【拓展】：on the other hand / on the contrary ① on the other hand表示“另一方面”，说明同一件事的两个方面，并不表示相反的对立面。 多用以引出相互矛盾的观点、意见等。 ②on the contrary表示“相反的”，用于对比指出与前面事情截然相反的方面。 相当于the opposite is true: not at all。
e.g. (1)－I'm sure you like your new job. 我相信你喜欢你的新工作。 －On the contrary ，it's very dull. 正相反，新工作很乏味。
(2)I want to sell the house, but on the other hand I can't bear the thought of moving. 我想卖掉房子，但另一方面我又无法容忍搬家的想法。 3.have...control over(=achieve control over)对…加以控制
e.g. She is a good female head ,who has control over home affairs. 【拓展】
lose control of… 对…失去控制 out of control 失去控制
bring…under control 把...控制住
4.little by little一点一点地，慢慢地，逐渐地
bit by bit一点一点地 quite a little[美口]大量，丰富 little more than和??无差别(一样)
by little and little＝little by little逐渐地，一点点地
a little 一点儿 a bit of一点儿 a little bit 少量的 a little more /less 有点多/少 quite a bit 颇多 e.g. (1)Little by little things returned to normal. 情况逐渐恢复正常。 (2)Graham was more than _a little frightened by what he had seen. 格雷厄姆被他看到的事吓了一大跳。 【拓展】：not a little/not a bit (1)not a little许多；很＝very
She was __not a little___ tired after the long journey. 经过长途跋涉，她非常累。