17． What has probably caused closeness to increase among sisters and brothers according to Victor Chichirali?
18． What did the man who had recently reconciled with his brother tell Debra Gold about older people?
Passage Two
Monarch butterflies, the large origin black insects, are common summer sights in northern United States and Canada． They brighten in parks and gardens as they fly among the flowers． 19What makes monarch butterflies particularly interesting is they migrate, all the way to California or Mexico in back． They are thought to be the only insect that does this． Every year in the late summer, monarch begin their migration to the south, those heading for Mexico go first for the Louisiana Mississippi region． And then they fly to go across Mexico into Texas． 20Once in Mexico, they establish themselves in one of about 15 sizes in the mountain forth． Each side provides the winter home for millions of monarchs． The butterflies are so numerous that they often cover the entire trees． When spring comes, they began their long journey north． The question is often asked whether every butterfly makes the round trip journey every year． And the answer is no． The average monarch lives about nine month． 21So when fly to the north, they might lay eggs in Louisiana and die． The eggs of that following generation may be found in Kentucky, the eggs of next generation may be in Michigan． The last generation of the season about the forth may make the journey back in Mexico and restart the cycle． Scientists learn about the monarch butterflies' migration by capturing and placing the identifying tags in the insects． 22By recapturing the attempt of the monarch and noting where they came from, the next scientist can figure out things like butterfly's age and its routing．
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard．
19． what is the unique about the monarch butterfly according to the speaker?
20． Where does the butterfly settle at the end of the migration?
21． What does the speaker say about the monarch butterflies' reproduction?
22． What is the talk mainly about?
Passage Three
23People nowadays seem to have the sense that their time has become more limited． Compared with early generations we spend more and more time working and have less and less free time to engage in leisure pursues． But this premise turns out to be an illusion． 24The most comprehensive data from major Time Use Service suggests, if anything, Americans today have more free time than the early generations． The number of hours we work has not changed much, but we spend less time now on home tasks． So we have a great amount
of time for leisure than in decades past． So why do we feel like time so scare． One problem is that time becomes more valuable and time becomes more worth money． We feel like we have less of it． Workers who bill or get paid by the hour, think employer and fast-food workers, report focusing more on pursuing more money than those who get paid by salary and the fact has been fast． In one experiment, people were told to play the role of consultant and bill their time by either nine dollars an hour or ninety dollars an hour． When people billed their time by ninety dollars an hour they report feeling far more priced for time． 25Thinking about our time as money, changes are our behavior as well． In one study, people who were instructed to think about money before entering a care spent less times chatting with the other patrons and more time working． Those who are thinking their time did reverse spending time socializing instead of working． Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard． 23, what does． the speaker say now people feel about time?
24． What do the data from time use service show?
25． What happens when we think about our time as money?
Section C
The first copyright law in the United States was passed by Congress in 1790． In 1976 Congress enacted the latest copyright law, (26)taking into consideration the technological developments that had occurred since the passage of the Copyright Act of 1909． For example, in 1909, anyone who wanted to make a single copy of a (27) literary work for personal use had to do so by hand． The very process (28)imposed a limitation on the quantity of materials copied． Today, a photocopier can do the work in seconds; the limitation has disappeared．The 1909 law did not provide full protection for films and sound recordings, nor did it (29)anticipate the need to protect radio and television． As a result, (30)violations of the law and abuses of the intent of the law have lessened the (31)financial rewards of authors, artists and producers． The 1976 Copyright Act has not prevented these abuses fully, but it has clarified the legal rights of the injured parties and given them an (32)avenue for remedy．
Since 1976 the Act has been (33)amended to include computer software, and guidelines have been adopted for fair use of television broadcasts． These changes have cleared up much of the confusion and conflict that followed (34)in the wake of the 1976 legislation． The fine points of the law are decided by the courts and by acceptable common practice over time． As these decisions and agreements are made, we modify our behavior accordingly． For now, we need to (35)interpret the law and its guidelines as accurately as we can and to act in a fair manner． 单词注释
Part Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Section A
Fear can be an effective way to change behavior． One study compared the effects of high-fear and low-fear appeals on changes in attitudes and behaviors related to the dental hygiene (卫生)． One group of subjects was shown awful pictures of (36)decayed teeth and diseased gums; another group was shown less frightening materials such as plastic teeth, charts, and graphs． Subjects
who saw the frightening materials reported more anxiety and a greater (37)desire to change the way they took care of their teeth than the low-fear group did．
But were these reactions actually (38)translated into better dental hygiene practices? To answer this important question, subjects were called back to the laboratory on two (39）occasions (five days and six weeks after the experiment)． They chewed disclosing wafers (牙疾诊断片) that give a red stain to any uncleaned areas of the teeth and thus provided a direct (40) indication of how well they were really taking care of their teeth． The result showed that the high-fear appeal did actually result in greater and more (41)concrete changes in dental hygiene． That is, the subjects (42)exposed to high-fear warnings brushed their teeth more (43)carefully than did those who saw low-fear warnings．
However, to be an effective persuasive device it is very important that the message not be too frightening and that people be given (44)eligible guidelines to help them to reduce the cause of the fear． If this isn't done, they may reduce their anxiety by denying the message or the (45)credibility of the communicator． If that happens, it is unlikely that either attitude or behavior change will occur． 译文：
恐惧是改变行为的有效方式。一项研究比较了高恐惧和低恐惧感染力对有关口腔卫生的态度和行为变化的影响。研究小组向其中一组受试者展示了有关(36)龋齿和牙龈病的恐怖图片；又给另一组人看了不是那么可怕的材料，例如树脂牙、图表和图形。看到可怕材料的受试者比低恐惧小组显得更加焦虑，也更(37)想要改变护理牙齿的方法。
但是这些反应真的能(38)转变成更好的口腔卫生习惯吗?为了回答这个重要的问题，受试者两 (39)次被召回到实验室(分别在试验的五天后以及六个星期后)。他们都嚼了牙疾诊断片，这种牙疾诊断片会在牙齿上没有清洁的地方留下红色的污渍，因而也就直接(40)说明了他们护理牙齿的程度。结果表明高恐惧感染力确实能引起口腔卫生方面更大且更(41)具体的改变。也就是说， (42)接触高恐惧警告信息的受试者比那些看到低恐惧警示信息的人刷牙更(43)认真。
但是，要想成为一个有效且有说服力的方法，信息就不能太吓人而且也应当为人们提供(44)合适的参考指南帮他们减少引起恐惧的原因。如果做不到这一点，他们就会通过否认接收到的信息或者是信息传播者的(45)可信度以缓解焦虑。如果是这样的话，就不可能会出现任何态度或者行为上的改变。 选项词性归类