摘 要
换热器是进行热交换操作的通用工艺设备，被广泛应用于各个工业部门。特别是在石油和化学工业生产中，常常需要把低温流体加热或者把高温流体冷却，把液体汽化成蒸汽或者把蒸汽冷凝成液体。
随着工业的高速发展，换热器技术必将迅速发展。就目前的形式看来，换热器的基本发展趋势是：提高传热效率，提高紧凑性，降低材料的消耗，增强承受高温、高压、超低温及耐腐蚀能力，保证互换性及扩大容量的灵活性，通过减少堵塞和便于除垢，以减少操作事故，从选材料、结构设计以及运行操作等各个方面增长使用寿命，并在广泛的范围内向大型化发展。
为了适应这些新的形势，所以有必要对换热器的设计有一定的了解。文章首先是对换热器的知识进行了概述，对换热器的自身改进进行了讨论；其次主要是对换热器进行总体设计，确定设计类型、结构形式及流程，然后进行换热器的计算，包括初选结构、传热计算和压降计算，工艺计算所得的传热面积是下一步结构设计的前提；再次主要是对换热器进行结构设计与强度计算，结构设计的任务是根据工艺计算所决定的初步结构数据，进一步设计全部结构尺寸，选定材料并进行强度校核，最后绘成图纸。
关键词：换热器；工艺设计；结构设计 ；校核
I
Abstract
The heat exchanger is the general process equipment for exchanging heat, and is used to many kinds of the industrial department. Especially, in petroleum and chemical industry production, we usually needs to heat the hypothermia fluid or cool the hyperthermia fluid, and the fluid vaporize into fume or the fume condensed into fluid.
As the industrial developed is at top speed, the technology of heat exchanger will rapidly develop. As known as the current form, the basic developed trend of the heat exchanger is that: increasing thermal transmission efficiency and compaction, decreasing material consumption, intensifying the ability of bearing hyperthermia、heavy pressure、ultralow temperature、eroding resistance and assuring the compatibility and the flexibility of high-capacity, for decreasing the manipulation accident we must reduce blockage and make the contaminant release to be convenient, increasing the service life though the many kinds of ways, such as material selection、structural design、operation manipulation etc, and develop to the large shape in comprehensive range.
For adapting the new phase, we must understand the design of heat exchanger. The oneself improvement that article is which make the heat exchanger of the knowledge to proceeds the summarize first, make the heat exchanger proceeded discussion; The next in order and primarily make the heat exchanger the total design, certain design of proceeding the type, construction the form and process, then proceeds craft calculation,
I 1
and include the primary election construction, transmit heat the calculation with press to decline calculation, craft calculation transmit heating of income area is next move construction premise that design; Again and primarily is which make the heat exchanger to proceeding structural design and compute with the strength, and the structural design to compute the first step construction for decision the data, size of all constructions of further design according to the craft calculation, and make selection the material and proceed strength collate, finally draw diagram paper.
Key Words: heat exchanger; total design; structural design.
II 1
目 录
1 前言.......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 换热器的概述........................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 换热设备的应用................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 换热器设备的分类............................................................................................. 1 1.2 浮头式换热器........................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 设计参数的确定................................................................................................. 4 1.2.2 材料的选取........................................................................................................... 6 1.2.3管程结构................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.4壳程结构...............................................................................................................14 1.2.5 开孔和开孔补强设计..........................................................................................18 1.2.6 密封装置设计......................................................................................................20 1.2.7焊接结构设计.......................................................................................................22 2.传热工艺计算 .............................................................................................................24 2.1 确定设计方案..........................................................................................................25 2.2 定流体的平均温度及物性数据..............................................................................25 2.3 估算传热面积..........................................................................................................26 2.3.1热流体的热量.......................................................................................................26 2.3.2 计算冷介质的流量..............................................................................................26 2.4 工艺结构尺寸..........................................................................................................27 2.4.1 换热器壳径的确定..............................................................................................28 2.4.2 换热器折流板的尺寸及数量的确定[7]...............................................................28 2.4.3 接管规格..............................................................................................................29 2.5 换热器核算..............................................................................................................29 2.5.1 管程对流传热系数2.5.2 壳程对流传热系数
k?i： ...................................................................................29
?0： .....................................................................................30
2.5.3 总传热系数0 .....................................................................................................32 2.5.4 计算流体阻力......................................................................................................32 3.设计计算......................................................................................................................35 3.1 筒体的计算..............................................................................................................35 3.1.1 计算条件