专题七──定语从句
编者：毛彦芳 修编： 王海虹
语法要点精析
定义： 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)：由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词和代词，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词可分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that)和关系副词(when, where, why)。 关系词都充当从句的某个成分，它所替代的相应成分应省去。在定语从句中，当who, which, that作主语时，谓语的单复数应与先行词保持一致。关系词常有3个作用：①引导定语从句。②代替先行词。③在定语从句中担当一个成分。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不如限制性定语从句与先行词的关系紧密，没有它，主句的意思也清楚，因此用逗号隔开。关系词在非限制性定语从句中的用法与在限制性定语从句中的用法基本一样。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1．who, whom, whose引导的定语从句
①Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields. 有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。
②I have many friends towhom I’m going to send post cards.我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。
=I have many friends whom/ who/ that I’m going to send post cards to.
③Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly. 很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。
④Please pass me the book whose cover (=of which the cover) is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
规律总结： (1)who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中
可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom，但后边的介词提前时，只用whom。
(2)whose指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代，构成 whose=of which+the+
物=the+物+of which 。例④ 2．that, which引导定语从句
①All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。
②The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
③This is the book which/thatyou are looking for.这正是你在找的那本书。
④The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much. 这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。
⑤He talked about the people and the place that he had visited in that country. 他谈到了他在那个国家所见到的人和所参观的地方。
⑥Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?
⑦There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. ⑧This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.（作宾语可省略） ⑨The only thing that she could do was to wait patiently.（作宾语，可省略） ⑩Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 11He is not the boy that he used to be. ○12China is no longer the country that it used to be. ○
规律总结：
(1)that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，作宾语或表语时可省略。指物时其
用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。
(2)which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。另外，which
可用来指代前面句子的部分或全部内容。 (3)下列情况只用that不用which：（例①②⑤--○12）
①先行词是all, something, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few, none，等不定代词；或被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等词修饰；
②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词； ③先行词被the only, the very(正是，恰是)，the last修饰； ④先行词中既有人也有物；
⑤在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。 ⑥先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语。
注意： 宜用which而不用that的情况
1. 在非限制性定语从句中。 Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.
2. 在关系词前有介词时。 This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
①The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work where a good impression is a must.(2014·江苏高考)在日常交流中这本书对我帮助很大，尤其是在需要有良好印象的工作之中。
②I didn’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, when I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.(2014·浙江高考) 直到五年级我才成为一个很认真的攀登者，在那时我登高去拿下一个卡在树枝上的风筝。
③The reason why I don’t trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。
④Is this the reason (that) he explained for his rudeness at the meeting? 这是他在会议上解释的无礼的原因吗？
⑤They have reached the point where they have to sepa-rate with each other.
他们已经到了必须分手的地步。
规律总结：
1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，在从句中作
状语。有时可用“介词＋which”结构替换。介词后面的关系词不能省略。that前不能
有介词。
2．当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用
which/that。
3．当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point, situation, case, stage等，如果引导词在从句中作
状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
三、“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句
①Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted. 皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。
②I wish to thank Professor Smith, without whose help I would never have got this far.(2012·天津高考)
我希望感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助，我永远不会走这么远。
③John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of whom are family members.(2013·重庆高考)
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。 He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
④Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which(＝whose price) was very reasonable.
最近我买了个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。 ⑤This is the watch which/that I am looking for.
⑥Beside the museum are two houses, the bigger of which belongs to my sister. ⑦This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 规律总结：
1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以
放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。例②
2. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
四、as, which引导的定语从句
①As everybody knows, Shakespeare is a famous writer.众所周知，莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。
②Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012, which made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.(2013·安徽高考单选)
莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。 ③Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.(定语从句)
Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem that none of us worked it out.(结果状语从句)上学期数学老师考试出了一道很难的数学题，没有一个人能解出来。
④I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。 I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。 ⑤John, as you know, is a famous writer. 规律总结：
1．as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，正像”，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末
或句中。
2．as常用在下列习惯用语中：
as (it) often happens, as I remember, as is often the case, as is expected, as is known to us,
as is shown，
as is said/ mentioned above, as is reported, as we cam see等。 3．which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容，只能位于句末。
4．“such/so ...that ...”表示“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such/so ...as ...”
表“像……这样……”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表
语等。
5．“the same ...that ...”表同一个人或物，而“the same ...as ...”表同种类的东西。
五、way和time后接定语从句的情况
in which??
①What surprised me was not what he said but the way?that he said it.
??不填让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。
?that②The way ?which
??不填单。
③It’s not the first time (that) you’ve found yourself in this situation.你陷入这种状况已经
不是第一次了。
④There was a time when/during which each teacher spent an hour, one day a week, testing pupils in every subject.曾经，每个老师每周都有一天花上一小时对学生的每门功课进行测试。
规律总结：
1．在定语从句中，the way在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which, that或省略；但
是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。 2．先行词 time作“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；当先行词 time作“一
段时间，时代”讲且作状语时，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定
语从句。 六、难点透析
【难点一】定语从句与并列句：用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确 ①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _________ is an engineer． ②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of __________ is a dancer． ③Mr Li has three daughters；__________ are doctors． 解析：从结构上看:①小题是定语从句，故填whom；②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them；③小题是两个并列分句，无需连接词，缺少主语，故填none或they。 【难点二】定语从句与地点状语从句：用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确。
① Rice doesn’t grow well _________ there is not enough water．
②I still remember the farm _________ my parents worked ten years ago．
解析：从结构上看:①小题无表示地点的先行词，故为表示地点的状语从句，填where；
?
he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简
②小题中the farm是先行词，是定语从句，故填where，此处的 where可用on which替换。
【难点三】定语从句与强调句：用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确
①It is on the morning of May 1st __________I met Liang Wei at the airport． ②It is the factory __________ Mr Wang works．
解析：从结构上看，①小题是强调句，故填 that。此种情况检测的标准是：先把强调句中的It is／was...that去掉，再把被强调部分还原，在不增加或减少任何单词的情况下，如句子仍然成立则为强调句，否则为定语从句。可将第①小题改为：I met Liang Wei on the morning of May 1st at the airport．显然，这句话是正确的，故为强调句。②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前缺少个介词in，故填 where。
【难点四】定语从句与结果状语从句：用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确
①I have the same computer __________ you have．
②She is such a kind and funny girl _________ all of us like to make friends with her．
解析：定语从句与结果状语从句的主要区别在于（这里只讨论the same...as／that和such...as/that两种情况）：在这两种情况下，如果as／that既引导从句，同时又在从句中充当一定的成分，则as／that引导的是定语从句。在the same．．．as／that结构中，用as指一样的，但不是同一个事物；用that指同一物品，故①小题填as；如果as／that在从句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，则as／that引导的是结果状语从句，故②小题填that。
【难点五】定语从句与单句：用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整、正确
①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_________ didn’t help． ②The mother told the lazy boy to work．_________ didn’t help．
解析：①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词 which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。 当堂达标：
I. 用适当的关系词填空
1. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon________ school education depends. （2015安徽28）
2.He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of__________ were published in the 1990s. （2015重庆14）
3.Opposite is St.Paul’s Church, ____________you can hear some lovely music. （2015北京24） 4.It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.. （2015湖南29）
5. The number of smokers, ________is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. （2015江苏21）
6. Creating an atmosphere _________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. （2015浙江19）
7 The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere __________ his employees enjoy their work
8.The books on the desk,_______ covers are shiny,are prizes for us. （2015四川3）
9. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time____ he should be able to be independent. （2015陕西15）
10. China Today attracts a worldwide readership,___________ shows that more and more
people all over the world want to learn about China. （2015福建34）