7.16托福写作 综合写作
听力的要点和细节
? 要点：
一般情况下反驳阅读的观点 由阅读观点引申其他结论 假设类提出不同观点
? 细节： 1~2个细节 关键词提示 长难句 / 连词
? 听力的注意事项
根据阅读推断听力可能细节 第一段找感觉（不需要笔记） 顺着逻辑逆推反例
阅读和听力的关系
阅读 听力 事实推论 ? 直接推翻 客观证据 ? 反驳关系 缺点不足 ? 解决方案 两种假说 ? 各执一词
听力中慢读、重读的95%是细节点。
? 写作注意事项
1，分四段（段间空行，段首顶格，句首大写，标点空格） 2，指代称谓固定
3，陈述 / 反驳动词替换
4，阅读：改写为佳；听力：求同最好
阅读：the passage;the writer;the author 听力：the lecture; the professor;the speaker
讨论：争论：辩论：discuss;argue;debate;have a debate on 认为；阐述；声称；主张；拥护；建议：
claim ;suggest;maintain;uphold;state;propose;recommend;appeal;conclude;put forward 反驳：反对： disagree;refuse;reject;refute;rebut;oppose;contradict;view the question / issue from an opposite perspective / angle;does not hold water(站不住脚)
举例：for exampe;for instance;citing the evidence/reason that??
模板：
语言补充------开头段
The reading passage explores the issue of (讨论话题). The professor’s lecture deals with the same issue. However, he/she thinks that (话题总论点)，which contradicts what the reading states. And in the lecture, he /she uses three specific points to support his /her idea.
Explore,exaimines,deals with ,copies with, is concerned with ,is about,focuses, issuue, subject, topic
However,but,yet,even so,despite that, Support, confirm, back up ,strengthen
Practice:
The reading passage explores the issue of whether employees should word four days a week.The speaker’s lecture deals with the same issue. However, he hold the view that enployees should not take the option , which contradicts what the reading states.And in the lecture, he uses three specific points to support his idea.
主体段1
First， evern though the reading passage suggests that (阅读论点1), the professor argues in the lecture that (听力论点1). This is because(听力细节1) Although, while, whereas,
主体段2
Moreover,contrary to the statement in the reading that (阅读论点2)，the professor contends that (听力论点). Then he /she supports this point with the fact that ( 听力细节2)
主体段3
Finally, the professor asserts that (听力论点3) whereas the author of the reading claims that (阅读论点3). The professor proves that this claim is indefensible（不可防御的） by pointing out that (听力细节3).
Practice:
First, even though the reading passage suggests that working only four days a week will increase companies’ profits, the professor refutes this point in the lecture .This is because companies need to provide new workers with training and medical benefits , as well as office space and
computers,which would cut off the profits of companies.(假说类型reading 阅读细节也要写)
听力中出现阅读中没有的时间和数字，要记下来。尤其是数字。听不出细节就听三遍。
独立写作5分标准
Effectively addresses the topic and task Well organized and well developed
Appropriate explanations,exemplifications and details Unity,progression and coherence
Displays cinsistant facility in the use of??
1,address the topic 2,well demonstration
Logical reasoning specific details 3,well organized 4,language use
独立写作 破题
利弊类
讨论“该不该”的问题。
对题干内容进行假设，寻找如果该情况发生后所产生的好处或坏处，从而确定自己的观点。 信号词：
should important A is better than B A or B ,which one do you prefer？ 受益方 互斥 受损方
事实类
讨论“是不是”的问题。
题干为结论性表达。需要寻找该结果在现实生活中的具体体现。如果条件允许，进一步寻找造成这种现象的原因。 信号词：
具有现象描述性 汉语：是不是 有没有
解题策略：1，直接找造成这种情况发生的原因。 2，先找实例，并找出原因反推。
3，只能找到一个原因，将该原因作为文章的中心思想，而主题段落进行举例说明（拆分举例）。 拆分：年龄、职业、身份
? 比较/对比 一定要对比着说
分层比较 分别比 1）甲方面：A>B A>C 1）A>B 2）乙方面：A>B A>C 2）A>C 3）丙方面：A>B A>C
? 绝对词类
特征：1、形容词最高级
2、never/ only/ always/ impossible/ no longer/ nothing to do with 解题策略
观点取驳论→disagree 两步走：①承认合理性→ ②反驳绝对性→ 找弊端 针对绝对词来反 驳
It is a good way to learn about a foreign by reading the newspaper and magazines from the country .But it is not the only method. The reasons are as follows. First, there is always some difference between newspaper and reality. We can
? 因果类 Agree 架桥法
Disagree 驳因/驳果/驳因果关系 7/20
C----Convenience 便利
分论点不能简单地说“很方便”，要具体说是的某一方面。
省时：time-saving appliance (microwave oven, washing machine, chore, hair dryer) 省钱：group buying, internet/on-line store discount
Agree/Disagree: It is better to travel aboard than to travel domestically. Travelling domestically is more convenient.
Unlike foreign ones, domestic tour does not entail getting a visa, exchanging currency, learnning a foreign language.
Do you prefer to invite many people and hold a big party or to invite close friends and family members for a small party?
The host does not have to worry about sending out invitation, attending to guests and cleaning up afterwards.
H----Health and safety 健康与安全
身心健康：physical and psychological health/fitness/conditions/wellbeing 产生危害：impose/exert danger on sth/negative effects on sth.
Teenager: obesity肥胖 short sight, insomnia失眠; depression抑郁, be teased/be laughed at Feel oneself inferior, be self-abased
Schools are no longer necessary because students can get enough information at home using computers.
Sore shoulder and neckpain
Accidents; crimes political turmoil----政治动乱
Injure your knees and ankles Fracture骨折 get lost
E----Environment 环境
1，eco-friendly products (ecology生态学） Ecology ecosystem ecocide(生态破坏） pesticide杀虫剂 fertilizer施肥
Ecoicide is caused by overuse of fertilizer and pesticide.
Eco-friendly products have minimally negative effects on the environment, contributing to sustainable development.
在一个单词前面加上a+单词第一个字母表示强调 比如 attain attend appoint cess---走 比如success
2,全球变暖
Green house gas emission→global warming emit Factors:
1) exhaust from motor vehicles 2) burning of fossil fuels
3) Deforestation----森林砍伐 logging 伐木
Effects:
1) rise in sea level 2) climate change 3) desertification
4) extinction of many species/ reduce diversity of ecosystem
3.大气污染 雾霾 urban smog
口语：smilence bromance 不能用在作文
Endangers our health, leading to respiratory diseases, such as asthma.哮喘
M----money
Impose financial burden on
Costly/ pricey/ unaffordable/ luxurious/ luxury