吕梁学院本科毕业设计
Abstract
This design is 80000 tons of H2SO4/into system design process, is mainly responsible for the sulfuric acid process of SO2 to SO3 conversion process, part of the calculation of three main points: the material balance, heat balance, heat transfer area calculation and equipment. The domestic production of sulfuric acid method is mainly by nitration method and contact method, considering nitration method required equipment is huge, with many lead, maintenance trouble, equipment corrosion, slow response, this design uses the contact method, the method of product acid concentration is high and the purity is higher. The more the number of the catalytic oxidation process, the higher the final conversion rate, and the process is closer to the optimal temperature curve, the higher the catalyst utilization rate is. Conversion process is through the two transformations of two complete absorption of about SO2 after transformation after two absorption tower to absorb SO3 after discharge, involving 4 heat exchangers, mainly in the high temperature gas is generated in response to low temperature gas preheating, use to heat effectively, to maximize the reduction of energy losses, to achieve industrial production of low carbon and environmental protection, energy saving, high efficiency, economy, sustainable development objective to design. Finally completed the process specification, safety memorandum, completed the graduation design specification. At the same time, complete the process flow chart with control point, the drawing of equipment and equipment，then it is completed the design.
Key Words: Mass balance; Heat balance; Heat exchanger
吕梁学院本科毕业设计
目 录
第1章 绪 论..................................................................................................................... - 1 -
1.1 硫酸的性质.......................................................................................................... - 1 -
1.1.1 硫酸的物理性质....................................................................................... - 1 - 1.1.2 硫酸的化学性质....................................................................................... - 1 - 1.2 硫酸的用途.......................................................................................................... - 3 -
1.2.1 为农业生产服务....................................................................................... - 3 - 1.2.2 为工业生产服务....................................................................................... - 4 - 1.2.3 在人们日常生活中的作用....................................................................... - 5 - 1.2.4 对巩固国防方面所起的作用................................................................... - 5 - 1.2.5 与原子能工业及火箭技术的关系........................................................... - 5 - 1.3 硫酸的危险性概述.............................................................................................. - 5 - 1.4 硫酸的储存方法.................................................................................................. - 6 - 1.5 硫酸的运输.......................................................................................................... - 6 - 1.6 硫酸的生产方法.................................................................................................. - 6 -
1.6.1 硫酸的一般制法....................................................................................... - 6 - 1.6.2 硫酸的工业制法....................................................................................... - 7 - 1.7 二氧化硫催化氧化的反应机理.......................................................................... - 8 - 1.8 我国硫酸工业技术概况...................................................................................... - 9 - 第2章 工艺说明............................................................................................................. - 10 -
2.1 概述.................................................................................................................... - 10 -
2.1.1 产品规模和规格..................................................................................... - 10 - 2.2 装置设计说明.................................................................................................... - 10 -
2.2.1 工艺原理................................................................................................. - 10 - 2.2.2 工艺流程说明......................................................................................... - 10 - 2.2.3 主要设备选型说明................................................................................. - 11 - 2.2.4 化工原材料规格及用量......................................................................... - 11 -
第3章 转化工序物料衡算............................................................................................. - 12 -
吕梁学院本科毕业设计
3.1 转化工序............................................................................................................ - 12 - 3.2 转化反引发平衡转化率、转化率的计算........................................................ - 13 -
3.2.1 温度与平衡转化率的关系..................................................................... - 13 - 3.2.2 最适宜温度与转化率的关系................................................................. - 13 - 3.2.3 确定操作线............................................................................................. - 14 - 3.2.4 各段进口温度及转化率......................................................................... - 14 - 3.4 物料恒算............................................................................................................ - 15 -
3.4.1 进一段气体量及成分............................................................................. - 15 - 3.4.2 进转化器一段气体量及成分................................................................. - 16 - 3.4.3 出一段气体量及成分............................................................................. - 16 - 3.4.4 出二段气体量及成分............................................................................. - 17 - 3.4.5 出三段气体量及成分............................................................................. - 17 - 3.4.6 出四段气体量及成分............................................................................. - 17 - 3.5 转化器各段的热量衡算.................................................................................... - 18 -
3.5.1 转化一段反应热量和出口温度............................................................. - 19 - 3.5.2 转化二段反应热量和出口温度............................................................. - 20 - 3.5.3 转化三段反应热量和出口温度............................................................. - 22 - 3.5.4 转化四段反应热量和出口温度............................................................. - 24 -
第4章 换热器温度，传热面积的计算......................................................................... - 27 -
4.1 第一换热器........................................................................................................ - 27 - 4.2 第二换热器........................................................................................................ - 28 - 4.3 第三换热器........................................................................................................ - 28 - 4.4 第四换热器........................................................................................................ - 29 - 第5章 转化工序主要设备配置及计算......................................................................... - 31 -
5.1 主要设备配置.................................................................................................... - 31 - 5.2 主要设备计算.................................................................................................... - 31 -
5.2.1 转化器的直径计算................................................................................. - 31 - 5.2.2 转化器的高度的计算............................................................................. - 31 - 5.2.3 转化器的结构设计................................................................................. - 32 -
吕梁学院本科毕业设计
5.2.4 立柱的分布............................................................................................. - 32 - 5.2.5 立柱强度的校核..................................................................................... - 33 - 5.2.6 篦子板的结构设计................................................................................. - 33 - 5.2.7 人孔的设置............................................................................................. - 34 - 5.2.8 底部支撑设计......................................................................................... - 34 - 5.2.9 转化工段工艺管道和阀门..................................................................... - 34 - 5.2.10 转化设备保温层厚度计算................................................................... - 36 -
第6章 安全备忘录......................................................................................................... - 38 -
6.1 概述.................................................................................................................... - 38 - 6.2 二氧化硫和硫酸的危害.................................................................................... - 38 - 6.3 二氧化硫和硫酸运输、使用等应注意的事项以及如何防护........................ - 39 - 第7章 环境保护与治理建议......................................................................................... - 40 -
7.1 三废主要来源.................................................................................................... - 40 -
7.1.1 废气......................................................................................................... - 40 - 7.1.2 废水......................................................................................................... - 40 - 7.1.3 矿渣......................................................................................................... - 40 - 7.2 三废处理方案.................................................................................................... - 40 -
7.2.1 废气......................................................................................................... - 40 - 7.2.2 废水......................................................................................................... - 40 - 7.2.3 废渣......................................................................................................... - 40 -
第8章 结 论................................................................................................................... - 41 - 参考文献........................................................................................................................... - 42 - 致 谢............................................................................................................................... - 43 - 附 图
附图1 年产8万吨硫酸厂转化工段带控制点流程图 附图2 年产8万吨硫酸厂转化器装制图
吕梁学院本科毕业设计