population healthier.
6 \millions of years,\
conservation for Defenders of Wildlife. 'They make each other work.\ 7 \how a keystone predator like the wolf keeps a prey population healthier, we have only to look at what's happening in Wisconsin,\deer is an enormous problem in the southern part of the state, where there are no wolves. However, in northern Wisconsin, to which wolves have returned in recent years, CWD in deer is unknown. While no studies have been completed to confirm this relationship, the evidence on the ground is extremely compelling.
8 Plant life also gains where this high-ranking carnivore is around. Prior to wolves being reintroduced into Yellowstone, the ungulates (hooved mammals) had it easy. With no hunters or predators around, they could do as they pleased-and what pleased them was hanging out on river banks, browsing on the young willow and aspen. But with wolves back in the picture, the elk and moose have had to move around a lot more; as a result, the compromised vegetation is flourishing once again.
9 The beneficial impacts of this change are numerous. The willow and aspen can now mature, thereby creating habitat for migratory songbirds. The increased vegetation reduces erosion and cools the rivers and ponds, thus making them more hospitable to fish. Beavers are back building dams.
10 Environmentalism is all about relationships, and the trickle-down effects ... that wolves have on other species, and the ecosystem in general, is significant. It is easy to see why wolves are called an umbrella species: An entire web of life is protected by the existence of this top carnivore. Imagine what the ecological impact would be if wolves were allowed to return to more of their historical homeland.
About the Introduction and Conclusion
1. The thesis statement for this essay is the last sentence of paragraph a. 1. b. 2. c. 3.
d. There is no thesis statement.
Hint: Rereading the conclusion will help you answer this question. 2. The conclusion of this essay a. sUillillalizes the main ideas.
b. repeats the thesis statement in different words. About the Organization
3. This essay is a cause/effect essay that discusses mainly
a. the causes of the wolves' return to certain areas of the United States. b. effects of the return of wolves to certain areas of the United States. c. both the causes and the effects.
4. This essay uses block organization to make three main points about the return of wolves. (1)-------------------- (2) _
(3) _ 5. Two paragraphs, when added together, use the chain pattern. These two
paragraphs are a. 5 and 6. b. 8 and 9.
About the Support
6. The topic sentence for paragraph 4 is the a. first sentence. b. second sentence.
c. There is no topic sentence.
7. The topic sentence for paragraph 5 is the
a. first half of the first sentence (up to the word yet). b. second half of the first sentence (after the word yet). 8. Which two paragraphs do not have topic sentences? a. 4 and 5 b. 6 and 7 c. 7 and 8 d. 8 and 9 e. 9 and 10
9. Paragraph 7 supports the point made in paragraph a. 4. b. 5.
About Coherence
10. What cause/effect signal word is used in the a. last sentence of paragraph 3? _ b. last sentence of paragraph 8? _ c. second sentence of paragraph 9? _ d. third sentence of paragraph 9? \
11. What key noun appears in every paragraph except paragraphs 6 and 9? 12. What two synonyms in the first paragraph substitute for the key noun? - and _
13. What transition signal in the topic sentence of paragraph 8 tells the reader that an additional main point will be discussed? _
Sample 17:
Important Inventions in the Past
“Necessity is the mother of invention.” This quote is commonly used to explain how
another miraculous invention was discovered. Throughout history, many inventions have been created. The Industrial Revolution started in the late 1700s, and since then humankind has been developing at an exponential rate. Truly amazing and useful devices, such as the steam engine and telegraph, were invented. In the last 100 years, many inventions and innovations have been created that make society?s life better, and four devices stand out as the most useful: the jet airplane, the television, the laptop computer, and the cell phone.
The first most useful invention is the airplane, invented in 1903 by the Wright brothers. The airplane has transformed not only this society, but also the entire world. Airplanes make it
possible to travel long distances in a few hours, whereas before it took days or weeks to travel by horseback. In fact, a plane enables people to travel over high mountains and deep oceans with ease. It is as if the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were small rivers and the Himalaya and Rocky Mountains were tiny hills to jump over. In addition, with the invention of the plane, the world is smaller because a person can now effortlessly travel from one country to another to work, study, or take vacations.
The second most important invention in the last century is the computer, and specifically the
laptop computer with an internet connection. The computer was invented in the mid-1900s, but in the 1980s the personal computer transformed how people use it. Because a laptop computer is small, portable, and can store large amounts of data, it is useful for business and study. From email to ecommerce and from ebooks to downloading movies and games, the personal computer has transformed everyone?s life. Computer software programs make it possible to keep track not only of business accounting and inventory, but also to buy and sell online. The Internet connects computers with a network of websites, and people can communicate on the computer with email, blogs, wikis, and even phone conversations.
This leads into the third most useful invention, the cell phone. Popularized in the 1990s, the cell phone keeps people safer and more connected. People can talk or send text messages to friends and family when they are far away, even in another country. Other examples of the cell phone?s usefulness are that drivers can call to let someone know they will be delayed if they get stuck in traffic or call for help if their car breaks down. In addition, phones often have Internet browsers, so people can stay up-to-date with news and events. Also, with camera phones people can take and share pictures of friends and family easily.
The fourth most useful invention is the television. With many channels to choose from, and literally thousands of programs, the learning possibilities are endless. Although not all programs are educational, many programs are, and people can learn encyclopedic amounts of knowledge and information. News is available 24 hours a day, so when important events happen in another part of the world, people can find out easily. This is in contrast to the past when it took days, months, or even years to find out the news from faraway places. Also, comedy and dramatic shows let us enjoy the funny moments in life and deal more effectively with the serious ones.
In conclusion, the airplane, television, laptop computer and cell phone are all useful inventions. Although there are many inventions to choose from, these four have dramatically transformed the world. All these inventions are connecting people to other people, places, and ideas. It will be interesting to see what is invented in the future!
Sample 18: Comparison and Contrast
Marital Exchanges!
1 In most cultures, the marriage of a man and a woman is accompanied by some kind of transfer of goods or services. These marital exchanges are used to create in-law relationships, compensate a family for the loss of one of its members, provide for the new couple's support, or provide a daughter with an inheritance that helps attract a desirable husband.
2 Marital exchanges take numerous forms, including the North American custom of wedding showers and wedding gifts. In these, the presents given by relatives and friends supposedly help the newlyweds establish an independent household. We give things that are useful to the couple jointly, with food-preparation and other household utensils easily. the most common type of gift. Many couples even register at stores so that their relatives and friends will provide the items they want.
3 From a cross-cultural perspective, the most unusual feature of North American marital
exchange is that nothing is transferred between the relatives of the groom and bride: The couple treat the gifts as their private property. Like most of our other customs, this seems natural to us. Of course the gifts go to the couple--what else could happen to them?
4 Plenty else, as we shall see in a moment. For now, notice that the fact that the couple receives the gifts fits with several other features of Euro-American marriage.
5 First, in addition to creating new nuclear families, marriage is the bond through which new
independent households are started. So the husband and wife \the neWlyweds moved in with one of their relatives, they would not have as great a need for their own pots and pans, wine glasses, silver candlesticks, and other \
6 Second, our marriage-gift customs fit with the value our culture places on the privacy of the marital relationship: It is a personal matter between the husband and wife, and their relatives should keep their noses out. If the in-laws get along and socialize, that's great, but our marriages generally do not create strong bonds between families of the bride and groom. (In fact, the two families often compete for the visits and attention of the couple and their offspring.) ... The fact that the in-laws do not exchange gifts with each other is a manifestation of the absence of a
necessary relation between them after the wedding. If, in contrast, the marriage created an alliance between the two sets of relatives, some kind of an exchange would probably occur between them to symbolize and cement their new relations.
7 Third, gifts are presented to the couple, not to the husband or wife as individuals, and are
considered to belong equally and jointly to both partners. But there are marriage systems in which the property of the wife is separate from that of her husband; if divorce should occur, there is no squabbling over who gets what and no need for prenuptials. Ipeoples, James, and Garrick Bailey. \
8 With this background in mind, what kinds of martial exchanges occur in other cultures? 9 Bridewealth Bridewealth is the widespread custom that requires a man and his relatives to transfer wealth to the relatives of his bride. It is easily the most common of all marital exchanges, found in more than half the world's cultures. The term bridewealth is well chosen because the goods transferred usually are among the most valuable symbols of wealth in the local culture. In sub-Saharan Africa, cattle and sometimes other livestock are the most common goods used for bridewealth. Peoples of the Pacific Islands and Southeast Asia usually give their bridewealth in pigs or shell money and ornaments....