GMAT曼哈顿中文版总结 - 图文(5)

2019-09-01 14:11

(C) equipment, such as lights, that is visible and must be turned on and off and

underestimate it when

(D) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and

underestimate that

(E) visible equipment, such as lights, that must be turned on and off and

underestimate it when

这题B,C,E中it都指代错误。It表示完全指代且指代的是原物。简单的说,这里就是指代: amount used by visible equipment..... 很长的那一串。而that是非完全指代,指代的是new copy。

但是在GMAT中,代词与先行词的单复数形式是一定要一致的,在new copy中也不例外,如果一定要改变单复数,就不能使用代词,而重复先行词的单数或复数形式。

Example:

Wrong: Her company is outperforming THOSE OF her competitors.

Right: Her company is outperforming THE COMPANIES OF her competitors.

总结:代词是指it, its, they, them, their, that, those 以及所有人物代词

(he/his/him, she/her 等)。其中,that和those只有在指代new copy时才使用,所有的事物的代词都用it, its, they, them, their(这几个代词都是完全指代,即不止指代核心名词还指代其修饰语) 而不能使用 this,that,those,these,这四个代词只能作为形容词使用,如:these books。不能单独指代事物。That和which在引导从句的时候,本身只能指代物而不能指代人。

Example:

New \(these为adj.) Wrong: Her products are unusual; many consider THESE unique. Right: Her products are unusual; many consider THEM unique.

以上代词“that”特别的复杂,身兼多职,以下分别说明它在不同情况下的用法: a) 纯粹做指示代词时,that只能和名词一起使用,不能裸奔

b) 在表示new copy时,此时that不是完全指代,且指代单数,复数用those指代。

c) d)

当that充当引导词引导从句时,和which一样只能指代物不能指代人。 当that的前面是分号的时候,that可以指代前面一整个句子,如下例:

OG SC 55: Many house builders offer rent-to-buy programs; that enables a family with insufficient savings for a conventional down payment to move into new housing and to apply part of the rent to a purchase later.

Ps:which前面加分号也不可以指代一整个句子

关于which指代:

a) which是引导限定性从句还是非限定性从句还存在争议,所以这个点不能

作为判断选项对错的依据哦!!! b) Which在GMAT中不能指代句子,只能指代词或短语

c) Which指代的原则是“尽量就近指代”和“只用来指代句子中的核心成分”,也就是

主语和宾语,指代修饰成分容易造成修饰对象逻辑错误。如果which可以同时指代前

面出现的两个对象,即谓语的单复数形式正确或者说是语法结构上是正确的,那么就近指代离which比较近的那个对象,这种情况下往往容易出现指代歧义或者违背原文的错误。

d) Which并不一定只能指代紧跟which的名词或代词,在下面情况中也可以跳跃指代:

1. Which由于只能指代物,所以如果紧跟其前面的名词或代词是人的话,就不符合

指代要求,所以要跳跃寻找 2. Which和真正修饰对象之间隔着不可移除和变动位置的定语成分,即与修饰对象

关系非常紧密,起关键性限定作用的定语成分时,可以跳跃指代。

关于what(来自网络,非曼哈顿)

? What引导的名词性从句

1、 what在从句中充当主语或宾语成分,what的意思相当于the thing that/which;

而that引导名词性从句时,不充当任何成分

2、 引导名词性从句时,what可以在介词后作宾语,但that前面不可以有介词(注意

in that的情况,in that是连词,且有特定意义:因为)

3、 What和which在引导宾语从句的区别在于,当指代没有限定范围时用what,有

限定的范围用which,意为“…中的那个”

? What引导的状语从句貌似很少,最常见的就是比较状语从句:

A is to B what C is to D

14、 代词(高阶)

? 其他非常用代词的注意事项

1) There

“there”其实是副词,但是它意思为“in that place”有指代的作用,所以把它放到代词这里来讲。因为“there”是副词,在句子中充当状语成分,因此其指代的地点也只能是做状语的,所以一般是介词短语(in+地点名词)且一定是“地点”的名词形式。

(注意两点:1、即名词作形容词时,不能指代;2、place的名词一定在句中充当状语而非主语或宾语)

Example:

Wrong: At current prices, Antarctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed.

Right: At current prices, oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed.

另外,There+be句型在GMAT里一般都是wordy,但不是总是wordy,there be强调的是“这里存在XXXX”,如果句子里需要这样一种强调,there be就不是多余的,如果句意是为了突出“XXXX干XXXX”或“XXXX有XXXX”等其他的点,再强调XX的存在性,就是多余的。

2) 反身代词

反身代词在句子中充当宾语,且直接指代句子的主语。所以只有当主语发出的动作的作用对象是主语本身时,才用反身代词。 除了反身代词,其他代词在宾语里一律不可以指代本句子主语。

3) Such(和other/another意思作用相似,不过更强调了“类似”“相似”)

Such和this,that一样不能裸奔,后面要搭个名称来一起指代先行词,

such的意思就是“like the antecedent” For example:

After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission

decided to subject any SUCH contracts to debate in the future.

4) One

“One”表示其中一个,是泛指,且“one”前面一定有复数名词。

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE 如果“one”改成“them”,说明Roger把所有的巧克力都吃了: After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat THEM.

“It”是特指同一件单数事物,one和it不能替换,如果替换了就变成了指代单复数不一致了:

After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE. IT was delicious, but HE could eat only half of IT.

5) Do it & Do so

“do so”可以指代一整个动作,包括动词+动词的宾语+修饰语。

Quinn did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID SO. 分析:例句中,“did so”指代整个“eat dinner quickly”

“do it”中的“it”只可以指代名词先行词以及该名词的修饰语,it是整体指代,但没有so更整体:

Quinn failed to do the homework, but her brother did IT. 分析:这里的“it”指代的就是“the homework”

According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations. 分析:这里的“it”指代整个句子主语“owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land”。“it”还可以指代主语从句以及作主语的不定式。

Of course, “do it”中的“do”不一定只能是“do”,可以变成其他动词,但“do so”中的“do”不可以:

Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ATE IT.

另外, “do so”中的“so”可以省略,只用助动词即可: Quinn DID NOT eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID.(相当于主语比较)

? “It”的用法

1) 做不定式的形式主语,把真正的主语——不定式押后: Awkward: TO RESIST temptation is futile. Right: IT is futile TO RESIST temptation.

第一句没有语法错误,但GMAC倾向于第二种表达,顺口多了吧?! 2) 做that从句的形式主语,把that引导的主语从句押后,避免头重脚轻:

Awkward: THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement. Right: IT gave us encouragement THAT we scored at all. 第一句也没有语法错误,只是头重脚轻,所以第二句更好。 3) 做不定式或that从句的形式宾语,把真正的宾语押后:

Right: She made IT possible for us TO ATTEND the movie.

总的来说,就是当不定式或者that从句做主语或宾语时,it就要取而代之做形式主语或形式宾语!

? 代词如果遇到指代不明的情况时,除了重复本需指代的名词外,更好的办法是用this/that/these/those/such/the+其他类似或同性质的概括性大类词汇代替:

Right: New \MATERIALS strength. Right: After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided

to subject any SUCH CONTRACTS to debate in the future. Right: After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then

searched for a tree to hang THE MEAT from. ? 寻找代词先行词的2大基本原则和3大附加原则

1) 原则一:代词和先行词数量上要一致

复数形式的代词就选定复数形式的名词

2) 原则二:代词和先行词在性别指代上要一致

He/his指代男性,she/her指代女性,it/its属于中性,them/their/they可指代一切性别。 3) 原则三:代词如果在一个句子中重复出现,一般认为这个代词指代的先行

词都是同一个。 4) 原则四:就近原则。(貌似OG打破了很多的就近,所以暂且不以此为判

断原则了)

即代词指代的先行词一般倾向于指代最近的那个符合原则1和2的名词。先行词一般在前面,但也有很少情况出现在代词后面,但前面优于后面。

另外,这里还有个“too closed”原则,即如果哪个候选名词紧贴着代词,那么这个名词也不是先行词。

Example:

In the station house,IT is considered taboo.

…, in the current economic climate IT may finally experience sales declines.

分析:第一句中,因为house紧贴着代词“it”(即使中间有逗号),所以不是先行词。第二句也是,因为climate紧贴着代词“it”,所以也不可是先行词。

大多数时候,是先有先行词,后出现代词,不过当一些比较短的短语前置时,也可以代词在前,先行词紧随其后,不过记得得是短的短语。 5) 原则五:平行原则。

如果在一个平行的结构中,代词指代的先行词倾向于和它在句中充当一样的成分。即如果一个代词在一个并列句充当主语成分,那它指代的就是在另一个并列句或主句中充当主语成分的名词(前提是这个名词满足原则1&2!)

另外,如果一个代词充当从句的主语,那么它优先指代其主句的主语。

159. While depressed property values can hurt some large investors, they are potentially devastating for home-owners,

whose equity—in many cases representing a life’s savings—can plunge or even disappear.

(A) they are potentially devastating for homeowners, whose

(B) they can potentially devastate homeowners in that their

(C) for homeowners they are potentially devastating, because their

(D) for homeowners, it is potentially devastating in that their(A)


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