the TL, and then naturalize the translated word back into a new SL proper name.\shortcoming in the strategy in question. As it seems it is only useful for personal PNs, since as Newmark (1988a:215), ignoring the right of not educated readers to enjoy a translated text, states, it can be utilized merely \readership.\
Leppihalme (1997:79) proposes another set of strategies for translating the proper name allusions: i.
Retention of the name: a. b. c.
ii.
a. b. iii.
Omission of the name: a. b.
omitting the name, but transferring the sense by other means, for instance by a common noun.
omitting the name and the allusion together. using the name as such.
using the name, adding some guidance.
using the name, adding a detailed explanation, for instance, a footnote. replacing the name by another SL name. replacing the name by a TL name
Replacement of the name by another:
Moreover, nine strategies for the translation of key-phrase allusions are proposed by Leppihalme (1997: 82) as follows: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix.
Use of a standard translation,
Minimum change, that is, a literal translation, without regard to connotative or contextual meaning,
Extra allusive guidance added in the text,
The use of footnotes, endnotes, translator's notes and other explicit explanations not supplied in the text but explicitly given as additional information,
Stimulated familiarity or internal marking, that is, the addition of intra-allusive allusion , Replacement by a TL item,
Reduction of the allusion to sense by rephrasing,
Re-creation, using a fusion of techniques: creative construction of a passage which hints at the connotations of the allusion or other special effects created by it, Omission of the allusion.
3. Conclusion
Although some stylists consider translation \the TT readers to make better judgment of the ST contents. In general, it seems that the procedures 'functional equivalent' and 'notes' would have a higher potential for conveying the concepts underlying
the CSCs embedded in a text; moreover, it can be claimed that a combination of these strategies would result in a more accurate understanding of the CSCs than other procedures.
Various strategies opted for by translators in rendering allusions seem to play a crucial role in recognition and perception of connotations carried by them. If a novice translator renders a literary text without paying adequate attention to the allusions, the connotations are likely not to be transferred as a result of the translator's failure to acknowledge them. They will be entirely lost to the majority of the TL readers; consequently, the translation will be ineffective.
It seems necessary for an acceptable translation to produce the same (or at least similar) effects on the TT readers as those created by the original work on its readers. This paper may show that a translator does not appear to be successful in his challenging task of efficiently rendering the CSCs and PNs when he sacrifices, or at least minimizes, the effect of allusions in favor of preserving graphical or lexical forms of source language PNs. In other words, a competent translator is wll-advised not to deprive the TL reader of enjoying, or even recognizing, the allusions either in the name of fidelity or brevity.
It can be claimed that the best translation method seem to be the one which allows translator to utilize 'notes.' Furthermore, employing 'notes' in the translation, both as a translation strategy and a translation procedure, seems to be indispensable so that the foreign language readership could benefit from the text as much as the ST readers do. References
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