1. It is since从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间) It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。 2. It is +before…(。。。才)
It was a long time before I went to sleep again. 过了很长时间我才睡着。
It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived. 过了一个小时，警察才来。 5.由as soon as, immediately, directly
, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如： I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.他刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。 6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。
注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如：
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。
7.由each time, every time和whenever 引导的时间状语从句。例如：
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。 Every/Each time I was in trouble, he would come to my help. 8.由as long as和so long a
引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”，通常译为“只要”。例如：
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。 I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。
I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.
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(4)几个极易混淆的时间状语从句：
1） It was +时间点+when…（当的时候时间是）
It was 5 am when we arrived at the village.
2） It was/will be+时间段+before…(没过…就／过了…才)
It was/will be two weeks before we met/meet again.
3） It is /has been +时间段+since…（自从…以来有…）
It is/has been 3 years since we last met.
突破点：一看be动词的时态，二看时间段还是时间点。
注意：在“It is /has been +时间段+since…”句型中，从句的动词必须是短暂性的，如果是延续性的动词，时间要从从句的动作结束时算起。如：
It is 3 years since I smoked.( 我戒烟有三年了)
补充：as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner…than…,
hardly/scarcely….when….和once这些从属连接词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一…就…”。从句中一般时态代替将来时态。
every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示“每当…..，每次…..；下次……”等。
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★ 原因状语从句的时态: ★ 原因状语从句的语序: ★ 原因状语从句的引导词:
常用引导词：because, since, as, for
特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.
1. I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。 翻译：My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful.
2. Since / Now that everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧. 3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜.
4. I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她.
一、because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后，because表示直接原因， 语气最强， 最适合回答 why引导的特殊疑问句。例如： I do it because I like it. 我做这件事是因为我喜欢。注意： 1. “not ... because”结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句， 例如： The country is not strong because it is large. 国强不在大。 2. 比较because与because of
■从词性上看: because 是连词，+句子；because of 是复合介词，+名词、代词、动名词、what 从句(但不能接that从句或没有引导词的句子)等。
判断是短语还是句子的标准： 单独取出because或because of的内容，如果有动词（也就是谓语）的是句子，如果没有则是短语。 例如：I didn't go to school because I am ill. am是谓语（动词）
I didn't go to school because of my illness. my illness是短语（名词）
选择：I didn’t buy it （because /because of ）it was too expensive. 我没有买是因为它太贵了。
He is here （because /because of ） you (that). 他为你(那事)而来这里。 He lost his job （because /because of ）his age. 由于年龄关系他失去了工作。
We said nothing about it, （because /because of ） his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿，我们对此只字未提。 He knew she was crying （because /because of ）what he had said. 他知道她哭是因为他说的话。
改为同义句：He cannot go to school because of sickness. He cannot go to school because he is sick. 他因病不能上学。
He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting. He left the company because of the thing that the boss said at the meeting. 他离开了这家公司，是因为老板在会上讲的话。 I can’t stop fighting because I have a family. I can’t stop fighting because of having a family. 我不能因为有个家就停止斗争。
判断正误：他因病未来。 误：He didn’t come because of he was ill. 误：He didn’t come because of that he was ill.
正：He didn’t come because he was ill. 正：He didn’t come because of his illness.
■ 从用法上看：because 所引导的从句除用作原因状语外，还可用作表语。如：It is because he loves you. 那是因为他爱你。而由 because of 所构成的介词短语通常用作状语，而不用作表语，作表语时可用due to。如 ：误：Tom’s absence was because of the rain. 正：Tom’s absence was due to the rain. 汤姆因下雨不能到场。
误：His absence was because of the rain. 正：His absence was due to the rain. 正：He was absent because of the rain. 他因雨缺席。
但有时若主语是代词(不是名词)，也可以用 because of 引出的短语作表语。如：It is just because of money. 那只是因为钱的原因。That will be because of money. 那将是因为金钱的缘故。
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That was because of his sickness. 那是因为他生病的原因。It is because of hard work. 那是因为劳累的原因。 二、since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、 显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”)， 较为正式， 语气比because弱。例如： Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 既然今天你休息， 你最
好帮我补习数学。
注意： seeing (that)， now (that)， considering (that)， in that这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近， 都表示“既然”。例如： Seeing (that) he refused to help us, there’s no reason that we should now help him. 他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们， 我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。// Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你长大了， 就不应该依靠你的父母了。// Considering (that) everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了， 我们就开始讨论吧。// In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. 因为有病， 他觉得做不了那件事。 三、as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”， 语气比since弱， 较为正式， 位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。例如： As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi. 既然在下雨， 你最好乘出租汽车。// As you are tired, you
had better rest. 既然累了， 你最好休息一下。// 翻译：I went to bed early, as I was exhausted.
四、for引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因， 只提供一些辅助性的补充说明， for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后，并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。例如： He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 他不可能见过我， 因为我不在那里。 五、注意事项：
1。because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。翻译：I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟，旅行推迟了。
2。由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。例如： He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因为他病了。 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。 3。通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for引导的从句在主句后。例：
As the weather is cold, I stay at home.（改为同义句） I stay at home, for the weather is cold. 经典例题：
［考题1］ ____ you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. (1999) A. Now that B. After C. Although D. As soon as
［答案］ A ［解析］ 主句与从句之间存在因果关系， 且“you’ve got a chance”表示一个显而易见的原因， 因
此应选用表原因的now that。
［考题2］ He found it increasingly difficult to read, ____ his eyesight was beginning to fail. (2006北京)
A. and B. for C. but D. or
［答案］ B ［解析］ “his eyesight was beginning to fail”是“he found it increasingly difficult to read”的原因， 因
此本题应选用可以表示原因的连词for引导原因状语从句。
［考题3］ A man cannot smile like a child, ____ a child smiles with his eyes, while a man smiles with his lips alone. (2006湖南) A. so B. but C. and D. for
［答案］ D ［解析］ 下划线处之后的句子补充说明“a man cannot smile like a child”的原因， 应选用for表原因。 经典习题：
【2010甘肃.定西】1. She had a stomachache she ate something bad.
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A. so B. because C. or D. although 【答案】B 【解析】本题考查连词。句意：她胃疼，因为她吃了坏了的东西。吃坏了的东西是导致胃疼的原因，前面是结果，后面是原因，所以用because引导。 【2010湖北?荆州】2. —Why didn’t Betty come to school yesterday? —_________ she was ill. A．But B．Though C．If D．Because 答案：D
3. --- _____ did you always get the first place? Could you let me know? --- Only because I like it and practise every day. A. What
B. When
C. Where
D. Why
4. —____ were you late for the meeting this morning? —Because I met a friend and had a talk with him. A. When
B. Why
C. What
D. Where
5. Tom got all A’s _______ he spent most of his time studying. A. if B. before C. because D. although 【河北省2011】6. I didn't hear you because I the news on the radio. A. listen to B. am listening to C. listened to D. was listening to
【答案】D 【解析】考查动词时态。句意为“因为我正在听新闻我听不清楚你说的话”，主句为一般过去时态，强调两个动作同时发生从句用过去进行时态，故选D。
【2011四川绵阳】7. The girl with her grandparents for the moment because her parents are both very busy this month. A. lived B. is living C. live D. was living
答案：B 【解析】考查动词的用法。依据从句“because her parents are both very busy this month”的时态为一般现在时可推断主句的时态也应是一般现在的时态，故保留B（现在进行时）和C（一般现在时）项；“the girl”是第三人称单数，所以谓语动词也应是第三人称单数，故C项不正确，故选B。
【2010河北省卷】8. Peter likes reading a newspaper ________ he is having breakfast. A. until
B. while
C. because
D. though
答案：B 【解析】连词的用法。句义为“Peter喜欢在吃早饭的时候读报纸”。 While意为“当??时候”。 故选B。 9. —Could you let me know______yesterday? —Because the traffic was heavy. A. why did you come late
B. why you came late C. why do you come late
D. why you come late
10. — Look out! The traffic is ________ fast ________ we can’t cross the street now. A. too; to B. so; because C. so; that
D. such; that
11. It’s very common for students’ marks to fall. Sometimes it is _________situations outside school.
A. because 快乐阅读
Guess who is the most successful young writer in China? It is 24-year-old Guojingming, who earned ＄1.4 millon last year. Guo started his writing career in high school when he won first prize in a national writing contest in 2001. His frist book , City of Fangasy, came out soon after the contest and went to sell moren than 1.5 million copies.
Almost all Buo’s novels include a shy hero who gets good grades.“Xiaosi(Guo’s nickname), I will always be with you!”A reader wrote in Guo’s blog.“My main goal(目标) is to tell the story well and have everyone like it,”Guo said. In fact, Guo is seen more as an idol than as a writer. His handsome outlooking, cross-dressing and strange actions make newspapers pay more attention to himself than his books.Many fans are eager to get his autograph.
But today he faces more dangerous threat(威胁)：even younger writers, sometimes called the “Post-90s” generation. However Guo seems to have plans to meet them. Next year, he will hold a national competition for these rivals(对手). 1. Why is Guo Jingming the most successful young writer in China? A.Because he is the youngest writer
B. because of C. thanks D. thank to
B.Because he lives in New York
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C.Because he got the greatest achievement D.Because he likes writing novels.
2. When did he win his first prize? A.In primary school B.In high school C.In college D.After leaving school 3. What does the word “idol” probably mean in Chinese? A.年轻人 4. Who will compete(竞争) with Guo in the following years. A.Famous writers. B.Some teenage writers called “Post-90s” 5. Which is wrong according to the passage?
A.There’s a shy hero who gets good grades in most of his novels. B.His first book sells well.
C.Guo wants to make every reader like his story. D.He wants to earn money through the competition.
C.Some readers. D.A shy hero.
B.模特 C.榜样 D.偶像
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