hypothesis that the virulence of NDV is multigenic and that the cleavability of F protein alone does not determine the virulence of a strain.
血凝素神经氨酸酶蛋白（湖南）纽卡斯尔病病毒（病毒）发挥了至关重要的作用在感染过程。但是，确切的贡献的基因对新城疫病毒的发病机制尚不清楚。在这项研究中，所起的作用的基因在新城疫病毒毒力研究。通过使用反向遗传学程序，通用基因的一个致命的重组新城疫病毒株，rbeaudette丙（红细胞），和一个无毒重组新城疫病毒株，rlasota，交换。该血吸附和神经氨酸酶活动的嵌合病毒有显着差异，从他们的父母株，但异型和惠娜对同样有效促进融合。组织取向的病毒被证明是取决于原产地的蛋白。嵌合病毒的蛋白从致命的病毒表现出组织偏好相似，恶性病毒，反之亦然。嵌合病毒F蛋白相互可以得到或失去毒性，所确定的标准，脑内接种致病指数试验鸡和鸡胚平均死亡时间（一个制定分类这些病毒），表明毒力是一个功能的氨基酸差异的蛋白。这些结果是一致的假设，毒力基因和新城疫病毒融合蛋白的裂解性本身并不确定致病株。
Avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
禽流感病毒和纽卡斯尔病毒（病毒）
surveillance in commercial breeding farm in China and the characterization of Class I NDV isolates
监控在商业养殖场在中国和表征一类的新城疫病毒分离
Beixia Hua,*, Yanyan Huang a, Yefeng He b, Chuantian Xu a, Xishan Lu c, Wei Zhang a,
Bin Meng d, Shigan Yan a, Xiumei Zhang a,*
A B S T R A C T
disease virus (NDV) in ducks in Shandong province of China, extensive surveillance studies were carried out in the breeding ducks of an intensive farm from July 2007 to September 2008. Each month cloacal and tracheal swabs were taken from 30 randomly selected birds that appeared healthy. All of the swabs were negative for influenza A virus recovery, whereas 87.5% of tracheal swabs and 100% cloacal swabs collected in September 2007, were positive for Newcastle disease virus isolation. Several NDV isolates were recovered from tracheal and cloacal swabs of apparently healthy ducks. All of the isolates were apathogenic as determined by the MDT and ICPI. The HN gene and the variable region of F gene (nt 47–420) of four isolates selected at randomwere sequenced. A 374 bp region of F gene and the full length of HN gene were used for phylogenetic analysis. Four isolates were identified as the same isolate based on nucleotide sequences identities of 99.2–100%, displaying a closer
phylogenetic relationship to lentogenic Class I viruses. There were 1.9–9.9% nucleotide differences between the isolates and other Class I virus in the variable region of F gene (nt 47–420), whereas there were 38.5–41.2% nucleotide difference between the isolates and Class II viruses. The amino acid sequences of the F protein cleavage sites in these isolates were 112-ERQERL-117. The full length of HN gene of these isolates was 1851 bp, coding 585 amino acids. The homology analysis of the nucleotide sequence of HN gene indicated that there were 2.0–4.2% nucleotide differences between the isolates and other Class I viruses, whereas there were 29.5–40.9% differences between the isolates and Class II viruses. The results shows that these isolates are not phylogenetically related to the vaccine strain (LaSota). This study adds to the understanding of the ecology of influenza viruses and Newcastle disease viruses in ducks and emphasizes the need for constant surveillance in times of an ongoing and expanding epidemic of AIV and NDV 病病毒（病毒）在中国山东省，广泛的监测进行了研究，在鸭养殖的集约农场从七月的2007上升到九月的2008。每个月的泄殖腔和气管拭子取自30个随机选择的，是健康的。所有样本呈阴性流感病毒恢复，而87.5%的气管拭子和100%泄殖腔拭子收集在九月2007，积极为纽卡斯尔病病毒分离。几株菌株从气管和泄殖腔拭子看起来健康的鸭子。所有的菌株正常所确定的化疗和ICP。该基因的可变区基因（新台币47–420）四株选定在randomwere测序。374区基因和全长基因进行系统进化分析。四个菌株被确定为同一个孤立的核苷酸序列身份99.2–100%，显示一个更近的系统发育关系lentogenic类病毒。有1.9–9.9%核苷酸之间的差异株等一类病毒的可变区基因（新台币47–420），而有38.5–41.2%核苷酸之间的差异株和Ⅱ类病毒。氨基酸序列的蛋白质裂解网站在这些菌株112-erqerl-117。全长基因的这些菌株是1851个碱基，编码585个氨基酸。同源性分析核苷酸序列的基因片段显示，有2–4.2%核苷酸之间的差异株和其他类病毒，而有29.5–40.9%之间的差异株和Ⅱ类病毒。结果表明，这些菌株是不经过疫苗相关株（新城疫）。这项研究增加了理解的流感病毒生态学和纽卡斯尔病病毒在鸭和强调需要不断监测时间的持续和扩大流行的禽流感病毒和新城疫病毒
Multiplex RT-PCR for rapid detection and differentiation of class I and class II Newcastle disease viruses
多重RT - PCR快速检测和分化的第一类和第二类纽卡斯尔病病毒
Hualei Liu, Yunling Zhao, Dongxia Zheng, Yan Lv, Wei Zhang, Tiangang Xu, Jinming Li, Zhiliang Wang
A multiplex RT-PCR was developed for detection and differentiation of class I and class II strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The method was shown to have high specificity and sensitivity. The results obtained from the multiplex RT-PCR for a total of 67 NDV field isolates obtained in 2009 were consistent with those obtained by nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. A phylogenetic tree based on the partial sequences of the F gene revealed that the 67 field isolates of NDV could be divided into two classes. Twenty-seven NDV isolates were grouped into class I, and two genotypes were identified. Most of the class I isolates were determined to be of genotype 3, with the exception of isolate NDV09-034, which belonged to genotype 2. Forty class II NDV isolates were divided into three genotypes, namely genotype VII (27 isolates), genotype I (2 isolates) and genotype II (11 isolates). Isolates of genotypes I and II in class II were shown to be related to commercial vaccine strains used commonly in China. All isolates of genotype VII were predicted to be virulent, on the basis of the sequence motif at the cleavage site of the F gene. This genotype has become predominantly responsible for most outbreaks of ND in China in recent years. In conclusion, this multiplex RT-PCR provides a new assay for rapid detection and differentiation of both classes of NDV isolates.
一个多重RT - PCR是检测和分化的第一类和第二类株纽卡斯尔病病毒（病毒）。结果表明该方法有较高的特异性和灵敏度。所取得的成果从多重RT - PCR共计67个新城疫病毒分离领域中获得2009均符合获得的核苷酸序列及系统发育分析。进化树的基础上部分序列的基因显示，67株新城疫病毒可分为2类。新城疫病毒分离株分为二十七类，和基因型鉴定。大多数的一类菌株被确定为3型，除了孤立ndv09-034，属于基因型2。四十类二新城疫病毒分离株的基因型分为三型，即第七（27株），基因型（2株）和第二基因型（11株）。分离株的基因型我和第二类被证明是相关的商业疫苗株常用在中国。所有分离株基因型七预测是致命的，序列的基础上，序列的裂解位点的基因。这基因型已成为主要负责大多数爆发在中国在最近年。总之，这提供了一个新的多重RT - PCR法快速检测和分化的两个班级的新城疫病毒分离株。