“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
Question4isbasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
AtacertainperiodinEarth’shistory,itsatmospherecontainedalmostnooxygen,althoughplantswereproducingvastquantitiesofoxygen.Asawayofreconcilingthesetwofacts,scientistshavehypothesizedthatnearlyalloftheoxygenbeingproducedwastakenupbyirononEarth’ssurface.Clearly,however,thisexplanationisinadequate.NewstudiesshowthattheamountofirononEarth’ssurfacewasnotsufficienttoabsorbanywherenearasmuchoxygenaswasbeingEarth’
produced.Therefore,somethinginadditiontotheirononEarth’ssurfacemusthaveabsorbedmuchoftheoxygenproducedbyplantlife.
4.Intheargumentgiven,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingroles?AThefirstisaclaimmadebytheargumentinsupportofacertainposition;thesecondisthatposition.
BThefirstisajudgmentmadebytheargumentaboutacertainexplanation;thesecondisthatexplanation.
CThefirstexpressestheargument’sdismissalofanobjectiontothepositionitseekstoestablish;thesecondisthatposition.
DThefirstsumsuptheargument’spositionwithregardtoacertainhypothesis;thesecondprovidesgroundsforthatposition.
EThefirstisaconcessionbytheargumentthatitsinitialformulationofthepositionitseekstoestablishrequiresmodification;thesecondpresentsthatpositioninamodifiedform.ForeachofQuestions9to13,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.Questions9to12arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
Animalsignals,suchasthecomplexsongsofbirds,tendtobecostly.Abird,bysinging,mayforfeittimethatcouldotherwisebespentonotherimportantbehaviorssuchasforagingorresting.Singingmayalsoadvertiseanindividual’slocationtorivalsorpredatorsandimpairtheabilitytodetecttheirapproach.Althoughthesetypesofcostmaybeimportant,discussionsofthecostof5
singinghavegenerallyfocusedonenergycosts.Overalltheevidenceisequivocal:forinstance,whileEberhardtfoundincreasesinenergyconsumptionduringsingingforCarolinawrens,Chappellfoundnoeffectofcrowingonenergyconsumptioninroosters.
Toobtainempiricaldataregardingtheenergycostsofsinging,Thomasexaminedtherelationshipbetweensongrateandovernightchangesinbodymassofmalenightingales.Birdsstoreenergyassubcutaneousfatdepositsor“bodyreserves”;
changesinthesereservescanbereliablyestimatedbymeasuringchangesinbodymass.Ifsinginghasimportantenergycosts,nightingalesshouldlosemorebodymass
onnightswhentheirsongrateishigh.Thomasfoundthatnightingalesreachedasignificantlyhigherbodymassatduskandlostmoremassovernightonnightswhentheirsongratewashigh.Theseresultssuggestthattheremaybeseveralcostsofsingingatnightassociatedwithbodyreserves.Theincreasedmetaboliccostofpossessinghigherbodymasscontributestotheincreased
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
overnightmassloss.Thestrategicregulationofeveningbodyreservesisalsolikelytoincuradditionalcosts,asnightingalesmustspendmoretimeforaginginordertobuilduplargerbodyreserves.Themetaboliccostofsingingitselfmayalsocontributetoincreasedlossofreserves.Thismetaboliccostmayarisefromthemuscularandneuralactivityinvolvedinsingingorfrom5
behaviorsassociatedwithsinging.Forexample,birdsmayexpendmoreoftheirreservesonthermoregulationiftheyspendthenightexposedtothewindonasongpostthaniftheyareinashelteredroostsite.Thomas’sdatathereforeshowthatwhetherornotsingingpersehasanimportantmetaboliccost,metaboliccostsassociatedwithsingingcanhaveanimportantmeasurableeffectonabird’sdailyenergybudget,atleastinbirdswithhighsongratessuchasnightingales.
9.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto
AcomparethedifferenttypesofcostinvolvedforcertainbirdsinsingingBquestionahypothesisregardingtheenergycostsofsingingforcertainbirds
CpresentevidencesuggestingthatsinginghasanimportantenergycostforcertainbirdsDdiscussthebenefitsprovidedtoanorganismbyabehaviorthatiscostlyinenergyEdescribeanexperimentthatsupportsanalternativemodelofhowbirdsongfunctions
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.10.Thepassageimpliesthatduringthedaybeforeanightonwhichamalenightingale’ssongrateishigh,thatnightingaleprobablydoeswhichofthefollowing?
AExpendslessofitsreservesonthermoregulationthanonotherdaysBStoresmoreenergyasbodyreservesthanonotherdaysCHidestoavoidpredators
11.Selectthesentenceinthefirstorsecondparagraphthatpresentsempiricalresultsinsupportofahypothesisabouttheenergycostsofsinging.
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.12.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatcomparedwithothercostsofsinging,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheenergycostsofsinging?
ATheyarethesinglegreatestcosttoanindividualbird.
BTheyhavegenerallyreceivedmoreattentionfromscientists.CTheyvarylessfromonebirdspeciestoanother.Question13isbasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
Inthepasttenyears,therehavebeenseveralimprovementsinmountain-climbingequipment.Theseimprovementshavemadethesportbothsaferandmoreenjoyableforexperiencedclimbers.Despitetheseimprovements,however,therateofmountain-climbinginjurieshasdoubledinthepasttenyears.
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
13.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,bestreconcilestheapparentdiscrepancypresentedinthepassage?
AManyclimbers,lulledintoafalsesenseofsecurity,usethenewequipmenttoattemptclimbingfeatsofwhichtheyarenotcapable.
BSomemountain-climbinginjuriesarecausedbyunforeseeableweatherconditions.
CMountainclimbing,althoughadangeroussport,doesnotnormallyresultininjurytotheexperiencedclimber.
DInthepasttenyearstherehavebeenimprovementsinmountain-climbingtechniquesaswellasinmountain-climbingequipment.
EAlthoughtherateofmountain-climbinginjurieshasincreased,therateofmountain-climbingdeathshasnotchanged.
ForeachofQuestions18to20,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
Theconditionofscholarshipdevotedtothehistoryofwomeninphotographyisconfounding.RecentyearshavewitnessedtheposthumousinflationoftheroleofthehobbyistAliceAustenintothatofapioneeringdocumentarianwhiledozensofnotableseniorfigures—MarionPalfi,whosephotographsofcivil-rightsactivitiesintheSouthservedasearlyevidenceoftheneedforprotectivelegislation,tonameone—receivedscantattentionfromscholars.And,whileNaomiRosenblum’ssynopticHistoryofWomenPhotographerscoversthesubjectthrough1920inagenerallyusefulfashion,onceshereachesthe1920s,whenthevenues,forms,applications,andmovementsofthemediumexpandedexponentially,sheresortstoanincreasinglyterselistingofunfamiliarnames,withapproachesandcareerssummarizedinasentenceortwo.18.TheauthorofthepassagecitesRosenblum’sbookmostlikelyinorderto
Asuggestthattheworksdocumentedmostthoroughlybyhistoriansofwomeninphotographyoftendonotwarrantthatattention
Bofferanexplanationfortheobservationthatnotallaspectsofthehistoryofwomeninphotographyhavereceivedthesamelevelofattention
Cprovideanexampleofawayinwhichscholarshiponthehistoryofwomeninphotographyhasbeenunsatisfactory
Dsuggestthatemployingastrictlychronologicalapproachwhenstudyingthehistoryofwomeninphotographymaybeunproductive
Eprovidesupportforthenotionthatcertainpersonalitiesinwomen’sphotographyhaveattainedundueprominence
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.19.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutMarionPalfiissupportedbythepassage?
AMarionPalfi’sphotographswouldhavereceivedgreaterrecognitionfromhistorianshadherworkbeendoneinanerawhenmostaspectsofphotographywerestaticratherthaninastateoftransition.
BAliceAustenhasachievedgreaternotorietythanhasMarionPalfiprimarilybecausethe
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“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
subjectsthatAustenphotographedweremorefamiliartohercontemporaries.
CInadditiontoprovidingarecordofcertainhistoricalevents,MarionPalfi’sphotographsplayedaroleinsubsequentevents.
20.Inthecontextinwhichitappears,“inflation”(line2)mostnearlymeansAexaggerationBacquisitionCevaluationDdistortionEattenuation
Thisistheendofsection319
“如果你想做只有少数人才能做到的事情，那么你就得去学会承受大多数人所承受不了的痛苦和孤独...”--献给所有还在追梦的，考新GRE的童鞋们@维C上校（特种部队）---新浪微博
Section4阅读部分
ForeachofQuestions5to9,selectoneanswerchoiceunlessotherwiseinstructed.
Questions5and6arebasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
Whenmarineorganismscalledphytoplanktonphotosynthesize,theyabsorbcarbondioxidedissolvedinseawater,potentiallycausingareductionintheconcentrationofatmosphericcarbondioxide,agasthatcontributestoglobalwarming.However,phytoplanktonflourishonlyinsurfacewaterswhereironlevelsaresufficientlyhigh.Martinthereforehypothesizedthataddingirontoiron-poorregionsoftheoceancouldhelpalleviateglobalwarming.Whileexperimentssubsequentlyconfirmedthatsuchaprocedureincreasesphytoplanktongrowth,fieldtestshaveshownthatsuchgrowthdoesnotsignificantlyloweratmosphericcarbondioxide.Whenphytoplanktonutilizecarbondioxideforphotosynthesis,thecarbonbecomesabuildingblockfororganicmatter,butthecarbonleaksbackintotheatmospherewhenpredatorsconsumethephytoplanktonandrespirecarbondioxide.
Forthefollowingquestion,considereachofthechoicesseparatelyandselectallthatapply.5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatMartin’shypothesisincludeswhichofthefollowingelements?
AAcorrectunderstandingofhowphytoplanktonphotosynthesisutilizescarbondioxide
BAcorrectpredictionabouthowtheadditionofirontoiron-poorwaterswouldaffectphytoplanktongrowth
CAnincorrectpredictionabouthowphytoplanktongrowthwouldaffecttheconcentrationofatmosphericcarbondioxide
6.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagementionspredators(line9)primarilyinordertoAhelpexplainwhyMartin’shypothesisisincorrectBidentifyoneeffectofaddingirontoiron-poorwaters
Cindicatehowsomecarbondioxideisconvertedtosolidorganicmatter
Dhelpaccountfordifferencesinthedensityofphytoplanktonbetweendifferentregionsoftheocean
Epointoutafactorthatwasnotanticipatedbythescientistswhoconductedthefieldtestsmentionedinthepassage
Question7isbasedonthefollowingreadingpassage.
Sparva,unlikeTreland’sotherprovinces,requiresautomobileinsurerstopayforanymedicaltreatmentsoughtbysomeonewhohasbeeninvolvedinanaccident;intheotherprovinces,insurerspayfornonemergencytreatmentonlyiftheypreapprovethetreatment.Clearly,Sparva’slessrestrictivepolicymustbetheexplanationforthefactthataltogetherinsurerstherepayforfarmoretreatmentsafteraccidentsthaninsurersinotherprovinces,eventhoughSparvadoesnothavethelargestpopulation.
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